Anthro 101 Midterm

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type of cultural perspective that emphasizes "the pretty things", certain types of diversity

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festival format

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genetic: skin color (variation in melanin levels)
short term physiological: skin color (sunburn)
technological: skin color (sunscreen)

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adaptations (genetic, short-term physiological, long-term physiological, technological)

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the study of the human condition, or the human species, its evolution through time, its variations over time and space

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anthropology

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past, present and future study of human condition/biology, society, language, and culture

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holism

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nature of anthropology: everything is relative

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comparativism

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something
1. distinctly human
2. transmitted through learning
3. consisting of traditions and customs that govern behavior and belief

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culture

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an economy based on plant cultivation and/or animal domestication

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food production

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bio, cult, archae, and ling anthro makes up...

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general anthropology

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combination of both biological and cultural perspectives and approaches to an issue/problem

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biocultural

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comparative, cross-cultural study of human society and culture

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cultural anthropology

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1. data collected by a series of researchers, compares/contrasts cultures
2. descriptive, group/community specific

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1. ethnology
2. ethnography

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study of human behavior through material remains

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archaeological anthropology

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the conservation and management of prehistoric and historic archaeological sites and their contents as a means of safeguarding the archaeological record: what should be saved?

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cultural resource management

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human biological diversity in time and space

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biological anthropology

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an observed relationship between two or more variables

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association

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study of language in its social and cultural contexts across time

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linguistic anthropology

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investigation of relationships between social and linguistic variation; correlation with other social factors

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sociolinguistics

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field of study that seeks reliable explanations, with reference to the material and physical world

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science

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using anthropology to solve contemporary problems

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applied anthropology

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a set of ideas formulated to explain something

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theory

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a suggested, but as yet unverified explanation

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hypothesis

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being transferred to a different culture, being absorbed/converted to it

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acculturation

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basic values that integrate a culture that distinguish it from others

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core values

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an individual human's beliefs and activities should be understood in terms of his or her culture

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cultural relativism

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protect the rights of people in their culture

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cultural rights

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borrowing of cultural traits between societies

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diffusion

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the process by which culture is transmitted across generations

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enculturation

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believing that one's own culture is superior to others/judging by one's own cultural standards

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ethnocentrism

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cultural pattern or trait that exists in some but not all societies

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generality

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accelerating interdependence of nations in the world system today

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globalization

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a suggested, but as yet unverified explanation

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hypothesis

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being transferred to a different culture, being absorbed/converted to it

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acculturation

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basic values that integrate a culture that distinguish it from others

Back 33

core values

Front 34

an individual human's beliefs and activities should be understood in terms of his or her culture

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cultural relativism

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protect the rights of people in their culture

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cultural rights

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borrowing of cultural traits between societies

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diffusion

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the process by which culture is transmitted across generations

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enculturation

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believing that one's own culture is superior to others/judging by one's own cultural standards

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ethnocentrism

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cultural pattern or trait that exists in some but not all societies

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generality

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accelerating interdependence of nations in the world system today

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globalization

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any fossil or living human, chimp, or gorilla

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hominid

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hominids excluding the african apes, all the human species that have ever existed

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hominins

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rights based on justice and morality beyond and superior to particular countries, cultures, and religions

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human rights

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the independent development of a cultural feature in different societies

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independent invention

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cultural traditions that extend beyond national boundaries

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international culture

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Intellectual property rights: an indigenous groups collective knowledge and its aplications

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IPR

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cultural features shared by citizens of the same nation

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national culture

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distinctive or unique culture trait, pattern, or integration

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particularity

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different cultural traditions associated with subgroups in the same nation

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subcultures

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something verbal or nonverbal that stands for something else

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symbol

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exists in every culture

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universal

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a social formation that is otherwise described as a formative or developed state (i.e. a civilization, to use an old-fashioned term)

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complex societies

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informant to ethnographer in the field, provides emic perspective

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cultural consultant

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cultural perspective from inside

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emic

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cultural perspective from outside

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etic

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notation/symbols to record kin connections

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genealogical method

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form used to structure a formal but personal interview

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interview schedule

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expert on a particular aspect of local life

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key cultural consultant

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of a key consultant; a personal portrait of someone's life in a culture

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life history

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long-term study, repeated visits

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longitudinal research

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form used by sociologists to obtain comparable information from respondents

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questionnaire

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a sample in which all population members have an equal chance of inclusion

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random sample

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study of society through sampling, statistical analysis, and impersonal data collection

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survey research

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attributes that differ from one person or case to the next

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variables

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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

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the idea that differences in the way languages encode cultural and cognitive categories affect the way people think, so that speakers of different languages will tend to think and behave differently depending on the language they use; ex: using gender with nouns creates more attention to gender

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form used by sociologists to obtain comparable information from respondents

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questionnaire

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a sample in which all population members have an equal chance of inclusion

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random sample

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study of society through sampling, statistical analysis, and impersonal data collection

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survey research

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attributes that differ from one person or case to the next

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variables

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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

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the idea that differences in the way languages encode cultural and cognitive categories affect the way people think, so that speakers of different languages will tend to think and behave differently depending on the language they use; ex: using gender with nouns creates more attention to gender

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transmission through learning, basic to language

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cultural transmission

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communication through body movements and facial expressions

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kinesics

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all the morphemes in a language and their meaning

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lexicon

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language with "high" (formal) and "low" (informal) dialects

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diglossia

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set of words describing particular domains of experience

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Focal Vocabulary

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the study of language meaning

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semantics

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arrangement of words in phrases and sentences

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syntax

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words/sounds/fragments of words

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morpheme

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smallest sound contrast that distinguishes meaning

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phoneme

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study of speech sounds; what people actually say

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phonetics

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study of sound contrasts in a language

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phonemics

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study of a language's phonemics and phonetics

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phonology

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study of morphemes and word construction

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morphology

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three distinctive features of language:

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conventionality (relationship between symbol and real life is not fixed), productivity, displacement

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languages within a taxonomy of related languages that are most closely related

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subgroups

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social status based on little or no choice

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ascribed status

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social status based on choices or accomplishments

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achieved status

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organized by class, with differences in wealth, prestige and power

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stratified

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absorption of minorities in a dominant culture

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assimilation

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society with economically interdependent ethnic groups

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plural society