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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Lexicon
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Vocabulary; a dictionary containing all the morphemes in a language and their meanings
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Minimal pairs
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Words that resemble each other in all but one sound
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Morpheme
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Smallest unit having meaning…ex: teach…teach+er…teach+er+s
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Morphology
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The study of form; used in linguistics (the study of morphemes and word construction) and for form in general. Ex: biomorphology relates to physical form
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Phoneme
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Smallest unit of sound that influences meaning…message vs. massage
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Phonemics
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The study of the sound contrasts (phonemes) of a particular language. The difference between "l" and "r" makes a difference in English but not in Japanese.
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Phonetics
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The study of speech sound in general; what people actually say in various languages
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Phonology
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The study of sounds used in speech. Considers which sounds are present and significant in a given language.
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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
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Different languages produce different patterns of thought
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Semantics
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A language’s meaning system
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Style shifting
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Variations in speech in different contexts
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Syntax
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The arrangement and order of words in phrases and sentences
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Universal grammar
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Basic set of rules and principles that underlie all languages
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Kinesics
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The study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and facial expressions
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Code switching
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Speaker switching from one language or dialect to another
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Creole
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Supports Chomsky’s thoughts, a mixture of languages that form in situations of acculturation (when different societies come in contact)
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Diglossia
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The existence of “high” (formal) and “low” (informal, familial) dialects of a single language, such as German
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Euphemism
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Substitiuting an inoffensive word for an offensive one… “hurts like the dickens” instead of devil
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Focal vocabulary
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A set of words and distinctions that are particularly important to certain groups (those with particular foci of experience or activity), such as types of snow to Eskimos or skiers
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Grammar
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How we speak
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Honorifics
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A term, such as “Mr.” or “Lord,” used with people, often by being added to their names, to “honor” them
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Bourgeoisie and working class/proletariat
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Bourgeoisie were the owners of the factories, mines, farms, etc. during industrialization. Working class was made up of people who had to sell their labor to survive. Proletarianization separated workers from the means of production.
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Colonialism
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The political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended time
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Ethnomusicology
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Comparitive study of the musics of the world and of music as an aspect of culture and society
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Animism
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Beliefs in souls or doubles
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Cargo cults
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Postcolonial, acculturative religious movements, common in Melanesia, that attempt to explain European domination and wealth and to achieve similar success magically by mimicking European behavior
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Communitas
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Intense community spirit, a feeling of great social solidarity, equality, and togetherness characteristic of people experiencing liminality together
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Functions of religion
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Search for order and meaning, Explanation for misfortune, Provide comfort, Allay fears and reduce anxiety, Exercise control
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Liminality
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The critically important marginal or in between phase of a rite of passage
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Magic
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Use of supernatural techniques to accomplish specific aims
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Mana
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Sacred impersonal force in Melanesian and Polynesian religions
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Myth
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Traditional often sacred narratives
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Revitalization movements
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Social movements that occur in times of change, in which religious leaders emerge and undertake to alter or revitalize a society…Christianity
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Rites of passage
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o Rituals associated with change in status or stage of life
• 3 phases - separation (separating from old group) • ex. rushing - liminality (being in “limbo” in between groups) • ex. pledging - incorporation (becoming a part of new group) • ex. initiation |
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Syncretism
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Cultural mixes, including religious blends, that emerge from acculturation- the exchange of cultural features when cultures come into continuous firsthand contact
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Taboo
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Set apart as sacred and off-limits to ordinary people
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Social construction of illness
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Some cultures would rather be diagnosed with a terminal illness rather than die on the spot
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Boas, Franz
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(Grand)father of anthropology, Went against evolutionism, Four subfields: Biological, archaeological, cultural, and linguistic. Cultural relativism- Kwakiutl…see sentences differently than us… “The woman is washing her clothes”
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Bohannan, Laura / Tiv
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There isn't one universal interpretation of art...Bohannan went to study the Tiv and showed them about Shakespeare (Hamlet). They didn't understand the play so they adapted it to their own culture..."Shakespeare in the bush"
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Chomsky, Noam
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Linguist, argues that the brain has a limited set of rules for organizing language, so that all languages have a common structural basis (UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR)
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Labov, William
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“r” pronounciation in New York. Found that pronouncing the ‘r’ sound is associated with prestige…Socioloinguistic discrimination
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Lévi-Strauss, Claude / structuralism
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Aims at discovering relations, themes, and connections among aspects of culture. Everyone things similarly regardless of culture. Need to classify- binary classification.
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Marx, Karl
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Stratification associated with industrialization, proposed two divisions: bourgeoisie (capitalists) and proletariat (propertyless workers)
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Turner, Victor
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Discovered communitas aka collective liminality
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Weber, Max / Protestant work ethic
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Three dimensions of social stratifications: wealth, power, and prestige.
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Haiti: language use
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Official language is French however 90% of people speak Creole. French is used in more formal settings, usually a sign of prestige/respect
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Ojibwa: religion
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Dreaming, fasting, visions, relationships with “the grandfathers,.” Faith in the power of the other than human persons, and dependence on them in order to achieve a good life. Achieve contact through dreaming, can learn, etc. Egalitarian society, share power when the grandfathers have too much.
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Kaluli: gisaro, Steven Feld and birdsong
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Steven Feld- studied sound as a symbolic system. Sad bird songs. Kalui are bird watchers, can distinguish birds based on sound. Weeping songs. Gisaro- most important ceremony, perform songs and dances, intended to overwhelm the audience with emotion, constant dancing, audience burns the dancers with torches
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Roma: “imaginary gypsy,” stereotypes and their uses
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Western Europe: Nomadic, illiterate people. Eastern/Central Europe: Impoverished, low-status, marginalized group. Steal, cheat, free-loaders.
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Hypercorrection
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Correcting a mistake that isn’t there. Sewerside/suicide.
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Art by appropriation
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Things placed in the category of art by others
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Art by intention
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Artist meant to make art
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Art as subversive
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Using paint, film, music. Hmong needlework- a code on their skirts to write subversive messages about their oppressors.
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Kwakiutl
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Pacific Northwest, where Boas had Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
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Historical influences in the development of medical anthropology
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o Biological anthropology
• Biocultural perspective: biological and ecological aspects of health in their social settings o Early ethnographic fieldwork o Culture and personality school • “National Character” cross-cultural studies of mental illness. o International public health movement after WWII |
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Economic positions in the world system
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Core- Dominant position in the world system, advanced systems of production
Semiperiphery- Intermediate between core and periphery. Export to both periphery and core countries Periphery- World's least privileged and powerful countries. Usually more basic production. Can provide labor like India telemarketing |
