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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which is not a method used by cultural anthropologists?
1. participant observation 2. ethnocentrism 3. ethnographic method 4. geneological method |
ethnocentrism
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In the tribal world, what is the primary process at work?
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humanization
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Of the three functionally interconnected aspects of all cultural systems: superstructure, structure, and infrastructure, which relates to institutional forms?
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super-structure
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In the commercial world, what are some of the most important cultural processes at work?
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commodification, corporatization, industrialization
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Complete the following analogy.
emic:_________ etic:__________ |
emic: phonemic; etic: phonetic
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Groups like the Ashaninka can have their culture disappear through a process of__________.
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acculturation
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The anthropological principle of _______________ allows us to evaluate cultures in their own terms.
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cultural relativism
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Many anthropologists use this definition or an approximation of this definition for “culture.”
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Socially transmitted, often symbolic, information that shapes human behavior and that regulates human society so that people can successfully maintain themselves and reproduce.
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Which best explains the concept of summum bonum, the good life?
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In addition to household well-being, individuals also need sociability, material prosperity, security, and enjoy and participate in expressive culture.
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Generalized reciprocity occurs in which sort of economy?
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non market economy
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What are the three main aspects of culture addressed in this text?
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mental, behavioural, material
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During the first half of the twentieth century anthropologists argued that which of the following traits were important to human evolution.
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increased brain size, bipedalism, and tool-making ability
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Many anthropologists and primatologists do not hesitate to speak of chimpanzee “culture.” However, what difference has been observed between human cultural behaviors and chimp cultural behaviors?
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Human cultural behavior is highly uniform, whereas chimp learned behavior is often idiosyncratic and individually produced.
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Why is it useful to understand the relationship between human self-interest and how people use culture?
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Humans are naturally selfish individuals, but we cooperate to form groups when it is beneficial to us.
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What is not a biologically formed general behavioral predisposition that humans posses?
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Humans will often engage in altruistic behaviors if it will benefit their social group.
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Why do humans form societies?
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To maximize their self-interest and resolve their “natural’ conflicts of interest by agreeing on cultural, or “moral” rules
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How have biocultural theorists viewed culture and biology of humans in the evolutionary process?
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Our genes and culture are interdependent and have co-evolved as dual inheritance.
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According to the historical sociologist Michael Mann, what are the four types of social power?
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ideological, economic, military, political
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What is the name of a person’s self-centered network of power?
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imperia
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Which institutions did rulers of the imperial world maintain and reproduce?
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governmental
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What was the effect of the expansion of the commercial world?
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subordinate the interests of both governments and households
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What does ethnographic analysis reveal as societies adopt larger scale power systems?
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Order-of-magnitude differences appear in the quantity and concentration of social power as measured on various socioeconomic dimensions.
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What is not an effect of socioeconomic growth?
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technological decline
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What is the conventional understanding of economic growth?
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Everyone supposedly benefits from growth, and growth is supposedly inevitable.
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