Anth 135 Exam #1

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the process by which organisms cope with environmental changes

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adaptation

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anthropological research in classrooms, homes, and neighborhoods viewing students as total cultural creatures whose enculteration and attitudes toward education belong to a larger context that includes family, peers, and society

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anthropology and education

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the application of anth. data, perspectives, theories, and methods to identify, assess, and solve contemporary social problems

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applied anthropology

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the branch of anth. that reconstructs, describes, and interprets human behavior and cultural patterns through material remains; best known for the study of prehistory

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archaeological anthropology

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the branch of anth that studies human biological diversity in time and space - for instance, hominid evolution, human genetics, human biological adaptation; also includes primatolgy (behavior and evolution of monkeys and apes)

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biological anthropology

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a student of social life and culture; a practitioner of cultural anthropology. whether etthnology or ethnography

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cultural anthropologist

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evaluates sites threatened by dams, highways, or other construction activities; decides what needs saving and preserves significant information about past when sites can't be saved

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cultural resourse management (CRM)

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traditions and customs that govern behavior and beliefs; distinctly human; transmitted through learning

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culture

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specialized role acquired through a culturally appropriate process of selection, training, certification, and acquisition of a professional image; this person is consulted by the patients who believe in his or her special powers, and recieves some form of special consideration; a cultural universal

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curer

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an etic or scientifically identified health threat caused by a bacterium, virus, fungus, parasite, or other parasite

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disease

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field work in a particular culture

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ethnography

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the theoretical, comparitive study of society and culture; compares culture in time and space

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ethnology

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the field of anthropology as a whole, consisting of cultural, archaeological, biological, and linguistic anth.

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general anthropology

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beliefs, customs, and specialists concerned with ensuring health adn preventing and curing ilness; a cultural universal

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health care system

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interested in the whole of human condition: past present and future; biology, society, lanuage, and culture

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holistic

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members of the zoological family that includes fossil and living humans

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hominids

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anemic condition of poor health felt by the individual

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illness

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the branch of anth that studies linguistic variations in time and space. including interrelations between language and culture

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linguistic anthropology

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unites biological and cultural anthropologists in the study of disease, health problems, health care systems, and theories about illness in different cultures and ethnic groups

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medical anthropology

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as distinguished from Western medicine, a health care system based on scientific knowledge and procedures, encompassing such fields as pathology, microbiology, biochemistry, surgery, diagnostic technology, and applications

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scientific medicine

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organized life in groups, typical of humans and other animals

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society

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nations; large and populous with social stratification adn central governments

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complex societies

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someone the ethnographer gets to know in the field who teaches him/her about their society and culture - aka informant

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cultural consultant

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research strategy that focuses on native explanations and criteria of significance

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emic

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research strategy that emphasizes the observer's rather than tthe native's explanations, categories, and criteria of significance

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etic

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procedures by which ethnographers discover and record connections of kinship, descent, and marriage using diagrams and symbols

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geneological method

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agreement sought by ethnographers from community members to take part in research

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informed consent

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ethnographic tool for structuring a formal interview. A prepared form that guides interviews with households or individuals being compared systematically. contrasts with a questionnaire because the researcher has personal contact and records answers

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interview schedule

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an expert on a particular aspect of local life who helps the ethnographer understand that aspect

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key cultural consultant

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provides a personal cultural portrait of existence and change in a culture through the eyes of the cultural consultant

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life history

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long-term study of a community, society, culture, or other unit, usually based on repeated research

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longitudinal study

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a characteristic ethnographic technique; taking part in the events one is observing, describing, and analyzing

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participant observation

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a sample in which all member sof the population have an equal chance of inclusion

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random sample

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a smaller study group chosen to represent a larger population

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sample

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characteric research prodedure among social scientists other than anthropologists. Studies society through sampling, statistical analysis, and impersonal data collection

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survey research

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attributes (sex, age, height, weight, etc) that differ from one person to the next

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variables

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the exchance of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct

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acculturation

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key, basic, or central values that integrate a culture and help distinguish it from others

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core values

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the position that the values and standards of cultures differ and deserve respect. Extreme _____ argues that cultures should be judged solely by their own standards

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cultural relativism

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doctrine that certain rightd are vested not in individuals but in idenifiable groups, such as religious and ethnic minorities in indigeneous societies

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cultural rights

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borrowing between cultures either directly or through intermediaries

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diffusion

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the social process by which culture is learned and transmitted across the generations

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enculturation

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the tendency to view one's own culture as best and to judge the behavior of culturally different people by one's own standards

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ethnocentrism

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cultural pattern or trait that exists in some but not all societies

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generality

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the accelerating interdependence of nations in a world system linked economically and through mass media and modern transportation systems

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globalization

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doctrine that invokes a realm of justice and morality beyond and superior to particular countries, cultures, and religions. _________, usually seen as vested in individuals, would include the right to speak freely, to hold religious beliefs without persecution, and not to be enslaved

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human rights

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development of the same culture trait or apttern in seperate cultures as a result of comparable needs and circumstances

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independent invention

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each society's cultural base - its core beliefs and principles. ________ is claimed as a group right - a cultural right, allowing indigenous groups to control who may know and use their collective knowledge and its applications

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intellectual property rights (IPR)

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cultural traditions that extend beyond national boundries

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international culture

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cultural experiences, beliefs, learned behavior patterns, and values shared by citizens of the same nation

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national culture

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distinctive or unique culture trait, pattern, or integration

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particularity

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different cultural symbol-based traditions associated with subgroups in the same complex society

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subcultures

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something, verbal or nonverbal, that arbitrarily and by convention stands for something else, with which it has no necessary or natural connection

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symbol

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something that exists in every culture

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universal

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social status that comes through talents, actions, efforts, activities, and accomplishments rather than ascription

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achieved status

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social status (race, gender, etc) that people have little or no choice of occupying

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ascribed status

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the process of change that a minority group may experience when it moves to a country where another culture dominates; the minority is incorporated into the dominant culture to the point that it no longer exists as a seperate cultural unit

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assimilation

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the political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a teritory and its people by a foreign power for an extended time

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colonialism

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within a nation or empire, domination by one ethnis group or nationality and its culture/ideology over other - eg: the dominance of Russian language and culture over former Soviet Union

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cultural colonialism

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rule assigning social identity on the basis of some aspect of one's ancestry

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descent

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policies and practices that harm a group and its members

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discrimination

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group distinguished by cultural similarities (shared among members of that group) and differences betwen that group and others; members share belief, values, habits, customs, and norms, and a common language, religion, history, geography, kinship, and/or race

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ethnic group

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identification with and feeling part of an ethnic group and exclusion from certain other groups because of this affiliation

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ethnicity

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destruction by dominant group of cultue of ethnic group

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ethnocide

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a rule that automatically places the children of a union or mating between members of different socioeconomic groups in the less privileged one

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hypodescent

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superordinate, dominant, or controlling groups in a social-political hierarchy

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majority groups

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subordinate groups in a social-political hierarchy, with inferior power and less secrure access to resources than the majority

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minority groups

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the view of cultural diversity in a culture as something good and desirablee; a _________ society socializes individuals not only into dominant (national) culture but also into an ethnic culture

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multiculturism

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once a synonym for "ethnic group", designating a singel culture sharing a language, religion, history, territory, ancestry, and kinship; now usually a synonym for "state"

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nation

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an autonomous politcal entity, a country like the US or Canada

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nation-state

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an organism's evident traits, its "manifest biology" - anatomy and physiology

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phenotypes

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a society that combines ethnic contrasts, ecological specialization, and the economic interdependence of those groups

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plural society

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devaluing a group because of its assumed behavior, values, capabilities, or attributes

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prejudice

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ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis (but doesnt)

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race

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discrimination against an thnic group assumed to have a biological basis

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racism

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people who have been forced or who have chosen to flee a country, to escape persecution or war

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refugees

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a group assumed ot have a biological basis but actually percieved and defined in a social contect - by particular culture rather than by scientific criteria

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social races

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any position that determines where someone fits in society; may be ascribed or achieved

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status

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fixed ideas - often unfavorable - about what members of a group are like

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stereotypes

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languages developing from the same parent language; for example French and Spanish are ___________ of Latin

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daughter languages

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the existence of "high" (formal) and "low" (familial) dialects of a single language

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diglossia

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a set of words and distinctions that are particularly important to certain groups (those with particular foci of experience or activity) such as types of snow to Eskimos or skiers

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focal vocabulary

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subdivision of linguistics that studies languages over time

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historical linguistics

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the study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and facial expressions

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kinesics

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vocabulary; a dictionary containing all the morphemes in a language and their menaing

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lexicon

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the study of form; used in linguisticds and for form in general

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morphology

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significant sound contrast in a language that serves to distinguis meaning, as in minimal pairs

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phoneme

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study of the sound contrasts of a particular language

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phonemics

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study of speech sounds in general; what people actually say in various languages

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phonetics

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study of sounds used in speech

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phonology

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language ancestral to several daughter languages

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protolanguage

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theory that different languages produce different ways of thinking

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Sapir-Whord hypothesis

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a language's meaning system

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semantics

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study of relationships between social and linguistic variation; study of language in its social context

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sociolinguistics

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variations in speech in different context

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style shifts

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languages within a taxonomy of related languages that are most closely related

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subgroups

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the arrangement and order of words in phrases and sentences

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syntax

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nonindustrial system of plant cultivation characterized by continuous and intensive use of land and labor

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agriculture

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basic unit of social organization among foragers. a _________ includes fewer than 100 people; it often splits up seasonally

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band

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an association between 2 or more variable such that when one changes, the other also changes

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correlation

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nonindustrial system of plant cultivation characterized by continuous and intensive use of land and labor

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agriculture

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language ancestral to several daughter languages

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protolanguage

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a population's system of production, distribution, and consumption of resources

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economy

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principle that characterizes exchanges between closely related individuals: as social distance increases, _______ becomes balanced and finally negative

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generalized reciprocity

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nonindustrial system of plant cultication in which plots lie fallow for varying lengths of time

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horticulture

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profit-oriented principle of exchange that dominates in states, particularly industrial states. Goods adn services are bought and sold and values are determined by supply and demand

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market principle

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land, labor, technology, and capital (major productive resources)

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means of production

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way of organizing production - a set of social relations through which labor is deployed to wrest energy from nature by means of tools, skills, and knowledge

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mode of production

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movement throughout the year by the whole group with their animals

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nomadism/pastoral

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people who use a food-producing strategy of adaptation based on care of herds of domesticated animals

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pastoralists

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small-scale agriculturalist living in a state, with rent fund obligations

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peasant

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competitive feast among Indians on the North Pacific Coast of North America

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potlatch

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governs exchange between social equals; major exchange mode in band and tribal societies

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reciprocity

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major exchange mode of chiefdoms, many archaic states, and some states with managed economies

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redistribution

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one of two variants of pastoralism; part of the population moves seasonally with herds while the other part remains in home villages

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transhumance