Anth Test 1

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laid the foundation of modern evolutionary theory with his concept that all life developed through natural selection

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charles darwin

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theory that because of the food-supply problem described by Malthus, the young born to any species intensely compete for survival. Those young that survive to produce keep favorable natural variations that are passed on by heredity

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natural selection

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introduced that all related organisms are descended from common ancestors

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charles darwin

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provided support for older concept that Earth is not static but evolving

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charles darwin

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english amateur geologist that found Piltdown Man

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charles dawson

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fossilized cranium found at Barkham Manor new Lewes in Sussex in 1910-1912

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piltdown man

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pioneer of movement called "New Archaeology"

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lewis binford

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theory that american archaeology is anthropology or it is nothing

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New archaeology

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thought that with the use of the scientific method we could get past limits of the archaeological record and learn about how people who used the artifacts lived

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lewis binford

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dutch anatomist and geologist that discovered the remains of java man

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Eugene debois

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the first known homo erectus fossil

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Java man

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had a small brain, massive browridge, a flat, retreating forehead, massive jaw, and other apelike features, upright posture, bipedal

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java man

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what made eugene debois argue that java man was b/t apes and humans?

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he had a small brain (apelike) but an upright posture (humanlike)

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recognized humanlike features of taung skull (recovered in South Africa)

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raymond dart

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confirmed charles darwin's prediction that ancestral hominin forms would be found in africa

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raymond dart

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made taung new genus and species: Australopithecus africanus, or "southern ape of africa"

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raymond dart

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place where partial skeletons of australopithecus afarensis was found

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Kada Hadar, ethiopia

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skeleton found in 1970s in Kada hadar, ethiopia by donald johanson and his team

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Lucy

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remains showed that bipedalism came before increased brain size

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Lucy

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one of the world's richest sources of info on physiology and habitats of hominin species

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kada hadar, ethiopia

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site of well preserved hominin fossils from 2.1-1.3 mya called koobi fora geologic formation

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lake turkana, kenya

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site of stone tools from 2 mya that resemble Oldowan industry artifacts from olduvai gorge in tanzania

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lake turkana, kenya

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one nearly complete skeleton of 11-13 year old male called turkana boy

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lake turkana, kenya

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what remains found at lake turkana, kenya show that homo habilis and homo erectus coexisted here?

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1.55 mya skull of homo erectus and 1.44 mya jawbone of homo habilis

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site of deposits from 2.1 mya-15,000 years ago and the remains of more than 60 hominins

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olduvai gorge, tanzania

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often called the "cradle of mankind"

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olduvai gorge, tanzania

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archaeological sites of Oldowan industry

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olduvai gorge, tanzania

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why is olduvai gorge, tanzania often called the cradle of mankind?

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it has the most continuous known record of human evolution, it has the remains of more than 60 hominins, it has the longest known archaeological record of the development of stone-tool industries

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site where mary leakey discovered skull fragments of early hominins with huge teeth (vegetarian), showing that hominins evolved in africa

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olduvai gorge, tanzania

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most famous specimen of australopithecus from 3.2 mya. 40 % complete skeleton of an adult female

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lucy

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first fossil of australopithecus africanus

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taung child

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3-4 year old child fossil with ape-sized brain 1/3 size of modern humans, humanlike teeth, from 2.4 mya

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taung child

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ape-sized brain, but foramen magnum at base of skull reveals posture of upright human

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taung child

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small brain made people reject it as a human ancestor, but later disoveries proved that human evolution began with adoption of bipedalism

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taung child

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proposed species of extinct hominin that was discovered in england 1910-192 by charles dawson on barkham manor

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piltdown man

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fraudulent fossils

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piltdown man

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what were piltdown fossils actually?

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reexamination in 1953-1954 showed piltdown was skillfully disguised modern human cranium, jaw and teeth of an orangutan, tooth of a chimp

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why was piltdown so eagerly accepted?

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fossils suggested that british isles had been an important site of early human evolution

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discovered in deposits of east africa from 3.8-2.9 mya

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australopithecus afarensis

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main fossil sample from kada hadar, ethiopia

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australopithecus afarensis

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lucy: 40 % complete skeleton of adult female

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australopithecus afarensis

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at least 9 adults and 4 juveniles of this type were found buried together-shows companionship

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australopithecus afarensis

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huge cheek teeth, massive jaws, powerfully built cheekbones that project forward, larger brain than a. africanus

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australopithecus robustus

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fossils from 2.2-1.3 mya

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australopithecus robustus

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the most ancient representative of Homo

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homo habilis

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inhabited parts of sub-saharan africa 2-1.4 mya

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homo habilis

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first fossils found at olduvai gorge in northern tanzania (1959-1960)

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homo habilis

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development b/t australopithecus and homo species

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homo habilis

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why were homo habilis important?

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they were found in tanzania, africa and before their discovery everyone thought humans originated in asia where homo erectus was found

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diff. from australopithecus b/c it had increased cranial capacity, smaller molar and premolar teeth, humanlike foot, hand bones that oculd make tools

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homo habilis

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name means "handy man"

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homo habilis

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simple stone tools found with fossils

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homo habilis

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name means "upright man"

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homo erectus

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medium stature, walked upright, low braincase, receded forehead, wide nose, jaws, palate

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homo erecuts

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flourished until 200,000 years ago before gave way to homo sapiens

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homo erectus

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perhaps an ancestor of modern man

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homo erecuts

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java man was first known fossil

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homo erecuts

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modern human beings

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homo sapiens

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most recent archaic humans (200,000-100,000 years ago)

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neanderthals

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inhabited eurasia

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neanderthals

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replaced by modern humans between 35,000-28,000 years ago

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homo erectus

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after WW II viewed as quite close evolutionarily to modern humans

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neanderthals

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some say they are an evolutionary dead end, others say they are direct ancestors of modern european and western asian populations

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neanderthals

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our physical characteristics as animals and our unique non-biological characteristics we call culture

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anthropology

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members of the human lineage (humans, extinct humans, great apes)

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hominins

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the great apes

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hominids