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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Paleocene Epoch |
65-56 mya Earliest primates found |
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Eocene Epoch |
56-33 mya Primates diversified to over 200 species 37 mya - earliest anthropoids |
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Oligocene Epoch |
33-23 mya Separation of old and new world fossils Apidium and Aegyptopithecus genera appear |
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Miocene Epoch |
23-5 mya Golden Age of Hominoids |
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Five things specific to Miocene Hominoid fossils |
1. Most Definitely Hominoids 2. Large Bodied 3. Mostly go extinct 4. Sivapithecus is the ancestor to orangutans 5. No definitive hominids |
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How anthropoid fossils got from old world to new world |
Vegetative Raft ("Floating island") 30 mya |
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Apidium and Aegyptopithecus genera |
Genera old world monkeys Apidium - squirrel sized, fruit/nuts/seeds, arboreal quadrapedal Aegyptopithecus - 20 lbs, short limbed, arboreal quadrapedal |
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Three Main forms of Hominoids in the Miocene (+dates) |
1. African - 23-14 mya 2. European - 16-11 mya 3. Asian - 15-5 mya |
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Two Forms of Dating |
Relative and Chronometric |
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Relative Dating |
older or younger comparison ex: stratigraphy |
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Chronometric Dating |
Absolute Ex: Radioactive decay |
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Law of Superposition |
Being able tell how old something is by how deep it is in the earth compared to another (Form of relative dating) |
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Elements Used in Chronometric Dating (+half lives) |
1. Uranium/Lead (HL=4.5 million years) 2. Potassium/Argon (HL=1.25 million years) 3. Carbon 14 (HL=5730 years) |
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What is a half-life? |
The rate of decay of an unstable element |
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What makes a hominin? |
bipedal locomotion larger brain size tool making behavior |
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Advantages of bipedal locomotion |
Wider view Hands free to carry objects Able to cover longer distances |
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Structural/Anatomical changes that allow for bipedalism |
Centered Foramen Magnum Pelvis is wider and shorter Legs are longer with extended knee Big toe in line with other toes |
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Pre-Australopiths |
6-4.4 mya Important fossils - Sahelanthropus, Orrorin, and Ardipithecus Intermediate characteristics between apes and hominins Some evidence of bipedalism |
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Australopiths and Paranthropus |
4.2-1.2 mya Earlier- A. anamensis and A. afarensis (Lucy and Laetoli) Later - A. africanus, P. aethoipicus, P. boisei and P. robustus |
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Early Homo |
2-1.4 mya H. Habilis Bigger head, smaller back teeth |
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7 Steps to Finding/Classifying fossils |
1. Select Survey Sites 2. Excavate 3. Give Individual Fossils 4. Clean, measure, describe 5. Compare with other fossils 6. Compare variation amount with similar living species 7. Give Taxonomic name |
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Premodern Humans |
H. Heidelbergensis Larger brain size, more rounded brain cast More vertical nose |
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Premodern human fossil locations and dates |
1. Africa: Zambia (600-125 kya) 2. Europe: Spain (850 kya) 3. Asia: China |
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Premodern Human Tool Technology |
Archeulian More sophisticated Fire Control Marine Resources (Later tools more complex, "Levallois") |
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Neanderthals |
Early as 130 kya, 75-10 kya Large brain capacity (1520 cm^2) Bulging on sides of cranium Thick Cranial bones Arched brow ridges |
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Neanderthal Sites |
Spain, El Sidron Croatia, Krapina and Vindija Israel, Tabun and Rebary Iraq, Shanidar Uzbekistan Siberia Degnova Cave (Same DNA as malaysians) |
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What do El Sidron, Spain and SHanidar, Iraq sites tell about Neanderthal culture? |
El Sidron: males stay together, mate with females of another group Iraq: took care of each other |
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Neanderthal Culture |
Mousterian tools: preparing meat, hunting spear, woodworking, jewelry Burial of the dead |
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How humans got to australia |
island hopping |
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What makes Homo floresiensis special? |
evolutionary mechanism called insular dwarfism (hobbits?) |
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Technology of modern humans |
New Raw Materials: ivory, bone, antler New technique in making tools: rock knapping New Tools: serrated knife, harpoon, atlatl, bow |
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Art of modern humans |
Cave art Figurines Portable Art: jewelry, ceramic technology, elaborate tool handle engravings |
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Europe known as... |
Upper Paleoithic
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5 Stone tool Industries |
1. Chatelperronian 2. Aurignacian 3. Gravettian 4. Solutrean 5. Megdalenian |
