Anth Final

Front 1

Where is Machu Picchu located? Who are the Inca people?

Back 1

Coscu region of peru

Front 2

What is a datum?

Back 2

The origin or 0,0 on a site grid

Front 3

Artifacts-

Back 3

things left over from people

Front 4

Ecofact-

Back 4

things left over from the environment

Front 5

Primary refuse-

Back 5

things left over from tools or inedible objects kept at the site of consumption

Front 6

Secondary refuse-

Back 6

trash that has not been left at the site of consumption

Front 7

In situ-

Back 7

exposed artifact that has been kept at the site of use

Front 8

What is environmental determinism?

Back 8

the view that the physical environment sets limits on human environment.

Front 9

What is cultural ecology?

Back 9

The study of the interrelationships between human groups and environments

Front 10

What are foraminifera?

Back 10

single-celled protists with shells.

Front 11

What is subsistence?

Back 11

The ways people go about obtaining the food that they need

Front 12

What are the five different types of subsistence patterns?

Back 12

Foraging(hunting gathering fishing) Horticulture
Agriculture Pastoralism Industrialism

Front 13

What is hunting and gathering?

Back 13

Gaining subsistence directly from the environment, foraging

Front 14

What are some of the social characteristics of people who are hunter/gatherers?

Back 14

Organized in small groups, kin based, egalitarian, high degree of mobility

Front 15

What is horticulture?

Back 15

Subsistence strategy the incorporates both hunting and gathering techniques and agriculture techniques

Front 16

How is horticultural practiced?

Back 16

Horticulture is a process by which a plot of soil is prepared for the planting of seeds, tubers, or cuttings.

Front 17

What are some of the social characteristics of people who are horticulturalists?

Back 17

Their societies are usually larger and more sedentary than those of foragers but still are at a low technological level and relatively small-scale.

Front 18

What is pastoralism?

Back 18

people who make their living by tending herds of large animals.

Front 19

nomadism

Back 19

traditional pastoralists who follow a seasonal migratory pattern that can vary from year to year.

Front 20

Transhumance

Back 20

a cyclical pattern of migrations made by some pastoralists that usually take them to cool highland valleys in the summer and warmer lowland valleys in the winter.

Front 21

What are some of the social characteristics of people who are pastoralists?

Back 21

These nomadic societies do not create permanent settlements, but rather they live in tents or other relatively easily constructed dwellings the year round. Pastoralist nomads are usually self-sufficient in terms of food and most other necessities. This is seasonal migration between the same two locations in which they have regular encampments or stable villages often with permanent houses.

Front 22

What is agriculture?

Back 22

the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi, and other life forms for food, fiber, biofuel and other products used to sustain life.

Front 23

What occurred at the Pleistocene/Holocene transition related to subsistence?

Back 23

Went from hunters gatherers to agriculturists

Front 24

What is the Mesolithic and how were people making a living during the Mesolithic?

Back 24

between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic. During the Mesolithic, humans learned to hunt in groups and to fish, and began to learn how to domesticate animals and plants.

Front 25

What is the Neolithic Revolution?

Back 25

the change of human society from being hunter-gatherer-based to being agriculture-based.

Front 26

What are cultigens?

Back 26

a plant that has been deliberately altered or selected by humans

Front 27

How and when did the Neolithic Revolution occur in the Middle East? What were the first plants and animals to be domesticated in the Middle East?

Back 27

Rye wheat barley 12kya

Front 28

What is domestication? What changes occur to plants with domestication? What changes occur to animals with domestication?

Back 28

Domestication means altering the behaviors, size and genetics of animals and plants.
They become much larger

Front 29

How and when did the Neolithic Revolution occur in Africa? What plants and animals were domesticated in Africa? What is independent invention?

Back 29

7500ya cattle millet sorghum and rice

Front 30

What is independent invention?

Back 30

is made when two or more people (or groups of people) invent the same thing without knowledge of what the other is doing.

Front 31

How and when did the Neolithic Revolution occur in China? What plants and animals were domesticated in China?

Back 31

Yams taro and rice

Front 32

How and when did the Neolithic Revolution occur in the Americas? What plants and animals were domesticated in the Americas?

Back 32

Potatoes, beans, guinea pigs, squash, sunflowers
Around 7000ya

Front 33

What is political organization?

Back 33

The way power is distributed in a society
Economy
System of production distribution and consumption of resources

Front 34

What are the three different modes of economy?

Back 34

Reciprocity, redistribution and market principle

Front 35

What are the four types of ways societies organize themselves (political organization)?

Back 35

Bands, Tribal Societies, chiefdoms, states

Front 36

What is a band-level society?

Back 36

Social organization based on kinship

Front 37

What type of subsistence strategy is associated with band-level organization?

Back 37

Foraging, hunting and gathering

Front 38

Who is the leader of band-level societies?

Back 38

They were egalitarian all people were equal

Front 39

What is the economy of band-level societies?

Back 39

Open access to resources reciprocity

Front 40

Are social classes defined in band-level societies?

Back 40

No

Front 41

What is a tribal-level society?

Back 41

Descent groups

Front 42

What type of subsistence strategy is associated with tribal-level organization?

Back 42

Pastoralists and horticulturalists

Front 43

Who is the leader of tribal-level societies?

Back 43

The village head

Front 44

Are social classes defined in tribal societies?

Back 44

No

Front 45

What is a tribal-level society?

Back 45

Descent groups

Front 46

What type of subsistence strategy is associated with tribal-level organization?

Back 46

Pastoralists and horticulturalists

Front 47

Who is the leader of tribal-level societies?

Back 47

The village head

Front 48

Are social classes defined in tribal societies?

Back 48

No

Front 49

What is a chiefdom?

Back 49

Permanent political regulation of a territory

Front 50

What type of subsistence strategy is associated with chiefdoms?

Back 50

Intensive agriculture

Front 51

Who is the leader of a chiefdom?

Back 51

The chief

Front 52

What is the economy of a chiefdom?

Back 52

Chiefly redistribution

Front 53

How are social classes defined in chiefdoms?

Back 53

Seniority of descent, ascribed status, differential access to resources based on kinship

Front 54

What is a state?

Back 54

Autonomous political unit with social classes and a formal govt. based on law

Front 55

How are some characteristics of states?

Back 55

Centralized govt. urban centers technological and scientific developments

Front 56

What are the four cultural periods of prehistoric Illinois?

Back 56

PaleoIndian Period (to 8000 BC), Archaic Period (8000 - 500 BC), The Woodland Period (500 BC-AD 1000), The Mississippian Period (AD 1000 - 1673)

Front 57

How is the Paleoindian period characterized?

Back 57

These early peoples were organized in small, highly mobile bands which hunted large game animals.

Front 58

What were the climatic conditions during the Paleoindian period and how do these climatic conditions relate to Paleoindian subsistence strategies?

Back 58

A mountain of global ice, such as elk, bison, and caribou. Now extinct animals such as the mammoth and mastodon were probably hunted at well.

Front 59

How is the Archaic period characterized?

Back 59

Foragers and had camp site

Front 60

What technological advances, including tools and subsistence advances, occurred during the Archaic period?

Back 60

large grooved axes, various polished ornaments, and the occasional stemmed and socketed knife blades hammered out of nearly pure copper nuggets.

Front 61

How is the Woodland period characterized?

Back 61

Arts, villages became more permanent, and trade

Front 62

What technological advances occurred during the Woodland period?

Back 62

Pottery, burial mounds

Front 63

How did subsistence strategies change from the Archaic to the Woodland period?

Back 63

Some agriculture but mostly foragers

Front 64

How is the Mississippian period characterized?

Back 64

Large villages and cemeteries think Cahokia

Front 65

What was the political organization of Mississippian societies?

Back 65

Chief was in charge

Front 66

What was the subsistence strategy of Mississippian people?

Back 66

Agriculture and hunting and gathering

Front 67

What were the three main plant cultigens?

Back 67

Maize, bean, squash

Front 68

What are some of the technological advances during the Mississippian period?

Back 68

Cooking pots bow and arrow

Front 69

What were the Mississippian people’s ritual views?

Back 69

That the chief was the brother of the sun god