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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 tissue types
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1. muscle
2. connective 3. nervous 4. epithelial |
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Tissues are grouped into ______
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organs
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_______ are well defined parts that perform a particular function
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Organs
(heart, liver, brain) |
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Muscle Tissue types
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1. Connective tissue
2. Skeletal 3. Smooth 4. Cardiac |
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nervous tissue
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found in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
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Epithelial Tissue
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-Covers organs, inner lining of body cavities and line hollow organs
-Basement membrane- nonliving layer connected to connective tissue -Lack capillaries -Cells reproduce readily -Classified as simple and stratified, which are further classified according to the shape of the individual cell. |
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Epithelial tissues are held together by_______
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desmosomes
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Simple epithelium includes:
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1. squamous (plate-like) cells
2. cuboidal (cube-shaped) cells 3. pseudostratified columnar cells |
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Simple squamous epithelium
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-thin plate like cells
-Expanded in two directions, have little thickness -Mosaic tile covering the floor -Coverings of viscera, linnings of body cavities, and blood vessels |
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Cuboidal epithelial cells
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-Approximately equal in all directions
-Found in ducts and in passageways in the kidneys -Active tissue of many glands |
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Columnar epithelial cell
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-Arranged like the cells in a honeycomb or cartridges in a box
-Some columnar cells have whip-like projections called cilia extending from the free extremity -The cells lining the trachea are this type |
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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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-composed of columnar cells
-cells vary in length, have appearance of more than one layer -Found in upper respiratory tract where the lining cells are ciliated |
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Stratified epithelium
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-Consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells
-Includes stratified squamous, stratified columnar, and transitional epithelium |
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Stratified squamous epithelium
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-Forms outer layer of the skin and the lining of the first part of the digestive tract as far as the stomach
-in ruminants stratified squamous epithelium lines the fore stomach (rumen, reticulum, and omasum) -Thickest and toughest, consisting of many layers of cells |
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Stratified Columnar Epithelium
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-Composed of more than one layer of columnar cells and is found lining parts of the pharynx and salivary ducts
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Transitional epithelium
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-Forms the lining of portions of the urinary system that are subjected to stretching
-Ability to pile up many cells when bladder is relaxed -Stretch out a single layer when bladder is full |
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Connective tissue
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-connect other tissues
-Give form and strength to many organs -Serve for protection and leverage -Most abundant tissue -Bind -provide support -store fat -have a matrix - has fibers and a ground substance -cells do reproduce -Vascularity varies |
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Connective tissue includes:
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-yellow elastic tissue
-Collagenous -reticular -adipose -cartilage -bone |
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Connective tissue fibers
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-Collagenous fibers
-Elastic fibers |
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Collagenous fibers
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-made of protein collagen
-Flexible, but have great tensile strength -if abundand collagen fibers (dense connective) |
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Elastic fibers
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-microfibrils embeded in elastin
-easily stretched or deformed -Vocal cords and air tissue |
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Dense connective tissues
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-Very strong
-Helps bind body parts together (tendons) -Poor blood supply |
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Dense irregular connective tissue
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-Thick mat with fibers running in all directions
-Dermis of skin -Forms strong covering that resists tearing -Flexible |
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Areolar Connective Tissue
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-Found throughout body where protective cushioning and flexibility are needed (organs and tissue)
-Beneath the dermis -layer of loosely arranged connective tissue fibers which attach the skin to muscle -Permits the formation of a thick layer of fat between the skin and muscle -If Areolar Connective Tissue is not present skin will adhere to bone and fat will not form |
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Adipose tissue
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-Fat
-Accumulates fat overtime -Tissue is found in various sites -helps cushion joints and some organs -a person is born with certain number of fat cells (adipocytes) -Fat cells store triglycerides |
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Cartilage
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-Provides structural support
-matrix is abundant -ground substance is rich in protein-polysaccaride complexes -perichindrium-outer covering with blood supply -Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage -Firmer than fibrous tissue |
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Hyaline Cartilage
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-Glass-like covering of bones within joints
-Forms smooth surface that reduces friction -Trachea -Actively growing areas near the end of long bones |
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Elastic Cartilage
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-Mixture of cartilage substances and elastic fibers
-Forms external ear, larynx -flexible |
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Fribro Cartilage
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-Mixture of cartilage and collagenous fibers
-Forms semi-elastic cushion of great strength -intervertebral discs found between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae |
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Bone
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-Most rigid connective tissue
-Calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate -Provides support and protection -Osteocytes and lamella -Osteonal -Canaliculi (small canals) -Cancellous and compact |
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Blood
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-Cells are suspended in fluid (plasma)
-Red and white blood cells and platelets -most blood cells formed in red marrow of hollow bones -Only red blood cells function entirely in vessels |
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Plasma
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-Fluid portion of unclotted blood
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Serum
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-Yellow fluid that is expressed out when blood in allowed to clot and retracts
-Contains Antibody fractions of blood |
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Red Blood Cells
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-Erythrocytes
-Contain hemoglobin |
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hemoglobin
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-carries oxygen from lungs to tissues
-Carbon dioxide |
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White blood cells
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-Leukocytes
-First line of defense of the body against infection |
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The proteins ______ and _______ make up 65% of the protein in the myofibril
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actin, myosin
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________ and __________ regulate the availability of myosin and allow contraction
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Tropomyosin, troponin
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Actin
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-Globular (spherical) shaped -referred to as G- actin
~ 20% of the myofibrillar protein |
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Myosin
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-Fibrous, constitutes ~ 45% of the myofibrillar protein
-elongated rod shape with a thickened portion at one end |
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum
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Membranous system of tubules cisternae (flattened reservoirs of calcium)
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motor nerves
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nerve fibers that transmit contractile stimuli to skeletal muscles
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Axon
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Carry away from
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Dendrite
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carry to
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True Growth
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An increase in the structural tissue: bone, muscle, and the connective tissue associated with muscle
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4 types of fat
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1. Internal
2. Subcutaneous 3. Intramuscular 4. Intermuscular |
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Growth
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An increase in hight, length, girth, and weight that occurs when a healthy young animal is given adequate food, water, and shelter
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Live weight
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Live weight is the most important and most commonly measured of these parameters and, if recorded at regular intervals, yeilds a simple gowth curve
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Development
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An increase in complexity of the animal system
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morphogenesis
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The change in shape of tissue; migration of cells to a tissue
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Differentiation
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The acquisition or possession of a character or function different from that of the original type
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Growth curve
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The normal growth curve is a sigmoidal or S-shaped curve.
-Upper part of the curve shows that the growth rate levels off as the animal approaches mature size |
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Post natal growth concerned about
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1. Muscle Growth
2. Fat deposition |
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The vital tissues include:
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The brain and central nervous system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, digestive system, etc.
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The brain, central nervous system, and the cardiovascular system
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The brain, central nervous system, and the cardiovascular system are functional in the embryo and are well developed at birth
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The respiratory and digestive system
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The respiratory and digestive system develop early postnatally
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Fat is laid down in 4 major deposits in the carcus of beef, lamb, and pork
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1. Under the skin or subcutaneous fat
2. Between muscles or intermuscular 3. Within the muscle or intramuscular 4. Internal |
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Tissues
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groups of closely associated cells
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Chages in the body occur
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-Anterior to posterior
-Dorsal to ventral -Distal to proximal |
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Physiological age
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Difference in stage of maturity among animals of the same species and chronological age
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Identifiable stages of growth and development:
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-Onset of puberty
-Attainment of maximum body weight and height -Skeletal maturity -Body composition |
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Maturity
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Stage of development the epiphyseal cartilage of long bones calcifies or ossifies
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Effects of sex on growth and development
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-An animals sex influences physiological age.
-Intact males are heavier, leaner, and physiologically less mature than castrated males or females at a given chronological age |
