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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Organophosphate and Carbamate insecticide MOA
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inhibit/inactivate acetylcholinesterase, prolonging the action of acetylcholine.
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Organophosphate are irreversible/reversible or carbamates are irreversible/reversible.
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Organophosphates are irreversible
carbamates are reversible |
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Uses of cholinesterase inhibitiors
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insecticides
antheminitics Glaucoma Myasthenia Gravis Chemical Warfar Agents (V,G) |
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Drop is how many mLs
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.04 mls
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Primary biotransformation of OP's and carbamatesoccurs in the
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liver
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OP's and carbamates are excreted via
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kidney
milk transplacental feces |
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OP intoxication on muscarinic receptors effects what organs
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smooth muscle, exocrine glands, cranial nerves.
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Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase occurs where
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RBC - Brain - PM
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Inhibition butrylcholinesterase occurs where
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plasma
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Nicotinic receptors are affected where
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skeletal muscles,
pre-ganglionic nerves |
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Overall OP's cause
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SLUDD
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OP vapor exposure (nerve gas)
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increase or decrease heart rate
blood pressure - increase It is not an indicator for care! |
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A DDX for OP exposure is
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strichnine
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With small droplet of OP you get ______ effects
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local
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with a medium droplet of OP you get ______ effects
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systemic
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With a large droplet of OP exposure you get ______ effects
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CNS
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Antidote for too much acetylcholine
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atropine
glyco, if used at 10 X the labeled dose |
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Atropine is not for
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skeletal muscle effects
miosis, unless used topically |
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If atropine is give IV with hypoxia
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v-fib.
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Oxime effect at nicotinic sites
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increases skeletal muscle strength
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Oxime MOA
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removes agent from enxyme, unless aging has occurred.
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With aging the agent- enxzymes cause
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complex changes
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2-PAM Cl MOA
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reactivates the enzyme with no effect at muscarinic.
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2 PAM Cl is only to be used wtih
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OP NOT carbamates
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Seizures with pyridostigmine are:
and without pyridostigmine |
not prolonged with no treatment necessary
prolonged with brain damage, and diazepam |
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Rotenone
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plant related insecticide
Derris spp fresh root toxic to animals. safest insecticide for young GI signs CNS signs |
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Pyrethrum and synthetic pyrethrins
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Chyrsanthemum spp
almost as safe as rotenone synthetics = more toxic sold as mixture w/ piperoncl |
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pyrethrum /pyrethroids clinical signs
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fine tremors
muscle twitching ventroflexion of neck - cats agression salivation and emesis |
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piperonyl butoxide MOA
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prevents insects from metabolizing
increase permeability to NA Inhibits GABA |
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Limoline
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Major fraction from citrus plants
Some cats may be hypersensitive CNS signs like pyrethrins |
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Pyrethrum/pyrethroids clinical signs
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fine tremors - gross tremors
muscle twitching ventroflexion of neck - cts agression salivation and emesis |
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Strychnine uses
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tonics, treating poisoning from CNS depressants
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Strychnine characteristics
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LD 50 between 1 and 2
appears as a colorless, transparent, prismatic crystals, or white crystalline powder |
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Strycnos nux comica is
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native to india and SE asia
red leaves when young, turn green when tree matures fruit is round and hard seeds have highest concentration of strychinine |
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Strychnine works by
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increasing the excitability of the NS by blocking inhibition, via glycine receptor, not by stimulation.
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Strychnine does not effect
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the brain
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Strychnine initial symptoms include
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walking on egg shells,
restlessness panthing, tremors convultsions death |
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Full effect of strychnine causes
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tetany with arched back
Not indicator of dose |
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Strychnine lesions
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dog and cats have full stomach, but do not vomit
NGL |
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Strychnine treatment
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prevent further convulsions
support respiration decrease of sensory stimuli |
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Sodium fluroacetate is
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Compound 1080
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Strichnine treatment
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sodium pentobarbital
diazepine empty stomach |
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Sodium fluoroacetate MOA
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becomes toxic,by lethal synthesis
substitutes for acetate in acetyl co-enzyme A Fluoro acetyl coA Blocks Krebs cycle |
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Compound 1080 treatment
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euthanasia
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1080 clinical signs dogs
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restlessness and anxiety
maniacal barking convulsions death w/i 2 hors of onset of signs |
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1080 DDX
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strychnine
lead intoication gargabe intoxicaton OP or carbamate insecticide |
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Anticoagulant rodenticides
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most common intoxication in small animals
most are 2nd generation products |
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Warfarin from what plant
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sweet clover
Melilotis spp |
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first generation anticoagulants
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dicoumarole
monocumarosis cyclocourarols etc |
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2nd generation anticoagulants
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longer duration and increased potency
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treatment for anticoagulation toxicity should last
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4 weeks
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Warfarin MOA
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blocks interconversion of Vitamin K and its 2, 3 epoxide
inhibits activation of coag proteins in the presence of Ca |
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Interferes with which clotting factors __
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II, VII, IX, X
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Warfarin clinical signs
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hemorrhage
CNS signs SQ hematomas lameness if in joint cavities hypovolemic shock sudden death |
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Warfarin DX
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history
clinical signs chemical detection clin-path finding lesions |
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Warfarin TX
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Whole blood
Vitamin K orally in fatty meal.for 21 - 30 days |
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Phosphorus
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white/yellow very toxic
red non-toxic |
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phoaphorus vomitus smells like
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wet matches
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phosphorus clinical signs
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biphasic
icterus nervous convulsions death |
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Phosphorus lesions
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GI irritation
fatty change in liver icterus |
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Zinc Phosphide
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fumigant in enclosed facilites by licensed pest applic
smells like acetylene toxicity due to release of Phosphine in stomach |
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Zinc Phosphide clinical signs
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GI
Abdominal Ataxia CNS Resembles strychnine |
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Zinc phosphide TX
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difficult
evacuate stomch Give MgO activated charcoal |
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Cholecalciferol Vit D3 characteristics
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mobilized Ca causing hypercalcemia - cardiotoxic
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Cholecalciferol intoxication DX
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hypercalemia
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Bromethalin
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uncoupler of oxidatitive phosphorylation
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Thallium Sulfate Characteristics
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Follows K
Transplacentally Milk and urine excretion |
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Thallium sulfate MOA
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pantrophic - affects all tissue
may interfer w/mitochondrial function may substitute for K |
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Thallium clinical signs
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Neuro
GI Motor paralysis coma and death 1 - 4 days |
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Thallium Sulfate
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3 - 7 days
conjunctiva, lacrimation respiratory signs abdominal pain hyperemic MM |
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Thallium Sulfate TX
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Prussion Blue - Ferric - chelating agent - will stay in GI tract
Potassium CL |
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Avicides
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4 - aminopyridine
Avitrol |
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4 - aminopyridine Treatment
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symptomatic
transquilizer remove from source laxative |
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Diazacholesterol ornitrol
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interferes with repro
lasts 6 months |
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Other avicides
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Mesurol - only registered
chloralose - slow DRC - 1339 - methemoglobinemia Quolotox - Fenthion |
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DEET
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Most common in juvenile female cats
TX - diazepam |
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Amitraz
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mitaban - not on cats
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Amitraz MOA
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alpha 2 adrenergic agonist
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Amitraz causes
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hypotension
mydriasis bradycardia hyperperistalsis vasoconstrction |
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Amitraz symptoms like what other drug
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Rompin
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Amitraz TX
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yohimbine
atipamezole |
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Molluscicides
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Metaldehyde
snail/slug killer also solid fuel |
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Metalaldehyde clinical signs
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convulsions
elevated temperature cyanosis hyperethesia nystagmus |
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Metaldehyde TX
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control CNS hyperactivity
Pentobarbital Diazepam Robaxin Tx respiratory depression Small quanitities of high protein food SamE |
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Metaladehyde DDX
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Strychnine
1080 |
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Organic synthetic fungicides
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Eradication agents more toxic than growth prevention
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Methyl Bromide
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fungicide and insecticide
very volatile used in enclosed space Look drunk - CNS depressant |
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Phtlamides
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Captan and Flopet
dyspnea anorexia depression hydrothorax ascites inflammation of GI Tract |
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phthalimide TX
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general
non-specific |
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Caramate derivatives Do Not
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inhibit ACHE
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Caramate derivatives lesions
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friable, hemorrhagic liver
congested and degenerated kidneys |
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Uncoupling agents
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2, 4 DNP - cataract causing agent
Diisophenol (TX for hookworms) Pnetachlorophenol - PCP |
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2, 3 DNP uses
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manufacture of dyes and wood
pesticides explosives insecticide herbicide fungicide molluscicide wood preservative |
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uncoupling agents block
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formation of high energy bond.
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Uncoupling agents clinical signs
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burns of lips and buccal mucosae
yellow staining marked fatigue thirst profuse sweating apnea coma death |
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Uncoupling agents lesions
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yellow stained tissue
cyanosis slate gray lungs parboiled or friable liver |
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uncoupling DX
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history of exposure
clinical signs liver and kideny funciton |
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uncoupling agent tx
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remove contaimination
cool pet - lots of heat produced |
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Herbicides
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varying properties - older agents
specific properties new |
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phenoxy derivative of fatty acids
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only 2, 4 D still used
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Phenoxyderivative lesion
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congested kidney
hyperemia, and enlargement of lymph node |
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Amide
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may be toxic
hemorrhages & congestions of abomasal and GI muscos |
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Substituted Urea compounds
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diarrhea
Anorexia depression incoordination prostration |
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Thiocarbamate compounds
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DO NOT inhibit ACHE
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Thiocarbamate lesions
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congested friable livers
comgested kidnesy |
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All aresenical preparations
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no longer approved by EPA
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Triazine clinical signs
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anorexia
muscle spasms weakness ataxia dyspnea |
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bipyridyl compound
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Paraquat
Diquat Morfamquat |
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bipyridyl compounds have replaced
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arsenicals
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bipyridyl ompounds MOA
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reduced bipyridyl auto oxidize to H2O2, and oxidized bipyridyl
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Bipyridyl MOA involves
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superoxide radical wtih reduction of molecular O2
Can kill humans |
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Bipyridyl clinical signs
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local irriation
burning feeling in eyes squamous cell carcinoma chronic fibropneumonia |
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Glyphosate is
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roundup
safe |
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Sodium chlorate
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desiccant herbicide
methemoglobinemia - intraRBC and free HB |
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sodium chlorate TX
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methylen blue - not new methylene blue
180 day withdrawl |
