Animal Behavior

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Governed by female

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Matriarchal

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Governed by male

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Patriarchal

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The science of animal and comparative behavior, focuses on innate, species typical behavior

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Ethology

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Concerned with relationships between genes and behavior

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Behavior genetics

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Focused principally on learned behaviors

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Experimental/comparative psycology

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Evolution of adaptive behavior, studies the dynamics of behavior with environmental factors

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Behavioral ecology

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Concentrate on individuals or small groups

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Classical ethology

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Concentrates on neural mechanisms that underlie species typical behaviors

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Neuroethology

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Is the determining feature of a stimulus that produces a response

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Sign stimulus

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Neither a reflex or volitional, series of actions triggered by a key stimulus;predictable series of actions triggered by a cue.

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Fixed Action Pattern

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Anxiety+Pacing

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Self-directed behavior

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Is an exisiting response tendency, or any stimulus that elicits a response more strongly than the normal stimulus

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Super sign stimulus

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Centered on agression, is redirected to a lower ranked animal or inanmated object

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Redirected behavior

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Is usually thought as self-grooming, whicj is displaced when an animal has a conflict between two drives

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Displacement behavior

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Desire to approach an object while at the same time being fearful and ended up in grooming itself

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Displacement behavior

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How certain innate behaviors evolved into signals so that they function in communication,

Tend to vary in intensity, old behaviors wil develop a new one.

Ex:tugging in seagulls

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Ritualization

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Natural, Innate vs Fluorish

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Nature vs Nurture

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Proportion of total phenotypic variance associated with genetic variance

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Heritability

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The Deminish of a response to a certain stimuli after repated occurence, non associative learning after prolonged presntations of that stimulus

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Habituation

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Progressive amplification of a response, enhancement of response to a whole class of stimuli in addition to the one that is repeated

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Sensitization

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Exploratory or observational learning, an animal stores information about its environment that later can influence its behavior

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Latent learning

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Intuitive, the ability to do something right the first time with no prior experience

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Insight learning

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Learned during a critical period early in life

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Imprinting

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The process by which an animal learns an association between two stimuli or events

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Associative learning

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A normal response to a stimulus becomes associated with a new stimulus, which then is also capable of eliciting the response

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Classical conditioning

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conditioning through trial and error, the sequence of events is contigent upon the behavior of the animal

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Operant conditioning

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Rewarding to strengthen the stimulus or the occurence of a certain behavior

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Positive reinforcement

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Followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus therefore increasing the behavior's frequency

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Negative reinforcement

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Occurs when a behavior is followed by an aversive stimulus. To deminisg the occurence of that behavior Ex:spanking

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Positive punishment

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When a behavior is followed by the removal of a stimulus to deminish the occurence of that behavior

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Negative punishment

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Chemical substance released by animals to attract mate.

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Pheromone

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Long term evolutionary factors

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Ultimate factors

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Concerned with immediate change

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Proximate factors

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Three ethologists

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Konrad Lorenz, Nikolaas Tinbergen, Karl von Frisch

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Are based on conscious choice or decision

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Volitional behavior

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UCS means

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Unconditioned stimulus or reinforcer

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When a response diminishes

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Extinction

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The ability of an animal in unfamiliar surroundings to find its goal without relying on landmarks with whicj it is familiar

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Navigation

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Special sensory mechanism that detects sign stimuli

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Innate releasing mechanisms

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Application of ethology in innate human behaviors

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Human ethology

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The most efficient way fot an animal to obtain food

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Optimal foraging

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Adaptive interactions among animals specially members of the same species

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Social behavior

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Occurs when an animal performs an act that changes the behavior of another organism, exchange of mutually recognizable signals

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Communication

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Are visual signals that include movements, postures, and facial expressions.

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Displays

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Are chemical signal that convey information between members of the same species

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Pheromone

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A geographical area that an animal seldom or never leave

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Home range

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A defended area by an animal

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Territory

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The tendency to defend such a territory, results behavioral exclusion of others from a space;adaptive, tend to reduce conflict, control population growth, related to the specific life style of the organism

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Territoriality

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Steers the behavior relative to the environment

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Taxis component

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An innate biological clock

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Circannual rythm

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Is a stable relationship between animald of the opposite sex that ensures cooperative behavior in mating and rearing of the young

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Pair bond

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Ethology that focuses on the evolution of social behavior through natural selection

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Sociobiology

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But refers to the way am animal locates, procures, and handles food.

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Strategy/feeding strategies

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Indicator of anxiety

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Self-directed behavior

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Elicit an immediate response, and the response is rapid and reliable, usually linked to sexual attraction

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Releaser

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Takes longer to get a response; affect over time endocrine or neuroendocrine systems related to reproductive physiplogy or development

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Primer

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Provides information regarding the individual

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Signaler

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Can either alter or synchronize body functions ; affect mood and emotion

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Modulator

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Modes of Communication

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Sexual Behavior and Reproduction

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Component of a successful reproduction, requires parental investment for Increased survival of the offspring but reduce production

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Care of the young

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In young animals, means of practicing adult patterns of behavior and perfectiong escape, killing and even sexual conduct

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Play

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A form of animal social structure in which linear or nearly linear ranking exists

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Dominance Hierarchies

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An intricate behavuor that allows bees to communicate the location of a food

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Dance of honeybees

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The dance of the bees is responsive to what stimuli

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Gravitational pull and the direction of the sun

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Ensures thst the male is a member of the same species, and provides the female the opportunity to evaluate the quality of the female; provides signal to trigger nest building or ovulation

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Courtship

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Ensures thst the male is a member of the same species, and provides the female the opportunity to evaluate the quality of the female; provides signal to trigger nest building or ovulation

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Courtship