Animal Physiology Locomotion

Front 1

Locomotion

Back 1

the act of moving from one point to another

Front 2

Locomotor Functions (3)

Back 2

Structural support for appendages
storage of energy in elastic devices
biomechanical levers

Front 3

Hydrostatic Skeleton

Back 3

Fluid Filled Chambers
(hemolymph or water)
ex. earthworm

Front 4

Exoskeleton

Back 4

external skeleton
ex. arthropods

Front 5

Endoskeleton

Back 5

internal skeleton
ex. vertebrates

Front 6

Ligaments

Back 6

connective tissue that connects bone to bone

Front 7

Tendons

Back 7

connective tissue that connects muscle to bone

Front 8

Red Fibers

Back 8

lots of mitochondria and myoglobin
composes 15% of the muscle
oxidative and slow to fatigue, used for slow and steady cruising

Front 9

White Fibers

Back 9

composes 85% of muscle
Glycolytic - just break down glycogen into glucose (anaerobic, fatigues quickly)
high intensity, burst swimming

Front 10

Flexion

Back 10

reduces the angle at a joint (limb bends at a joint and moves inwards towards the body)

Front 11

extention

Back 11

increase in angle of the joint (limb straightens and moves away from the body

Front 12

Antagonistic Muscles

Back 12

separate muscles that induce flexion and extention

Front 13

Locomotor Module

Back 13

all muscles responsible for one type of movement (flight muscles)

Front 14

Elements of Levers (3)

Back 14

1. Fulcrum - point of rotation or joint
2. Weight (Load) - Force exerted by the object to be moved
3. Force (effort) - force exerted by muscle contractions

Front 15

Lfa

Back 15

Length of the force arm
- distance between force and fulcrum

Front 16

Lwa

Back 16

Length of weight arm
- distance between fulcrum and weight

Front 17

Mechanical Advantage (MA)

Back 17

Ratio of Lfa to Lwa
we have mechanical advantage when Lfa>Lwa

Front 18

Class I Lever

Back 18

force, fulcrum, then weight
- the longer the force arm is - the easier it is to move the load
- the shorter the load arm is the easier it is to move the load

Front 19

Class II Lever

Back 19

Force, weight, then fulcrum
- the length of the force arm is always longer than the length of the load arm
- easier to move but there is not as much movement

Front 20

Class III Lever

Back 20

weight, force, then fulcrum
- the length of the force arm is always shorter than the length of the load arm
- advantage is a lot of movement relative to the amount of contraction of muscle
- if the insertion of the force is closer to the fulcrum it becomes a lot more difficult but we get a lot more movement

Front 21

Vasomotion

Back 21

Cycling between constriction and dilation at rest
local increases in activity increase duration of dilation

Front 22

Vasoactive Agents

Back 22

Chemicals that alter contractile of arteriole smooth muscle.

Front 23

Andiogenesis

Back 23

Synthesis of additional blood vessels

Front 24

Myoglobin

Back 24

Oxygen-binding heme protein in aerobic muscle

Front 25

Two Major Roles of Myoglobin

Back 25

1. Intracellular oxygen storage
2. Transport of Oxygen - Facilitates diffusion

Front 26

Viscous effect of boundary layers on locomotion

Back 26

Costs of Carrying the boundary layer
more influence on smaller organisms with large surface area

Front 27

Inertial effect of Boundary layers on locomotion

Back 27

cost of moving an object from rest
more influence on animals with large mass
also creates turbulence - causes drag

Front 28

True Flight

Back 28

remain air born for long periods
(Flapping, hovering, or soaring)

Front 29

Gliding

Back 29

Descending towards the ground

Front 30

Advantages of Flying (3)

Back 30

escape predators
advantage point for catching prey
travel long distances in short amount of time

Front 31

Locomotion on Land

Back 31

most energetically expensive
must overcome effects of gravity

Front 32

Locomotion in Air

Back 32

Lift minimizes the effect of gravity

Front 33

Locomotion in water

Back 33

Most energetically efficient
Neutral buoyancy negates the effects of gravity