Animal Behavior Final

Front 1

Proximate causation

Back 1

underlying causes of behavior, internal machinery of an individual

mechanisms, developement

Front 2

ultimate causation

Back 2

evolutionary, historical basis for why a behavior is what it is

survival value/function, evolution

Front 3

ethogram

Back 3

describe behavior, propose several hypotheses and try to reject.
verbal description, picture, math, models

Front 4

Black headed gulls remove shells. Who discovered this? What was the conclusion?

Back 4

Tinbergen.
result of selective pressure on nest survival. removing shells increases fitness.

Front 5

behaviorism

Back 5

american. universal rules of learning. lab setting. genes dont play a role. only can understand input/output relationship. most human behavior. not viewed in context of daily challenges

Front 6

ethology

Back 6

variation is important. behavior viewed in context of normal challenges. both in field and lab.

Front 7

von frish

Back 7

experimentally determined fish can hear, bees can see color (classical conditioning). bees have own language. (bees dancing)

Front 8

lorenz

Back 8

studied imprinting (programmed learning) and rituals

Front 9

ritualization

Back 9

process of evolution. process evolves into signal and others recieve that signal.

Front 10

tinbergen

Back 10

found that bees found holes on basis of landscape. male fish flare at red colors. (fixed action pattern triggered at releaser)

Front 11

garcia effect

Back 11

develop aversion to food if sickness follows. (associative learning)

Front 12

goals of behavior genetics

Back 12

understand mechanisms of behavior and evolution of behavior

Front 13

a sign stimulus (aka releaser) triggers...

Back 13

fixed action pattern

Front 14

super normal stimulus

Back 14

better at eliciting FAP than sign stimulus

Front 15

fuck

Back 15

this class

Front 16

operant conditioning

Back 16

trial and error learning. ex pidgeons and food (Skinners experiment)

Front 17

all behaviors are a result of

Back 17

genes and environment

Front 18

imprinting

Back 18

form of programmed learning, exposed to key stimuli, exposed at early age, may later exhibit sexual behaviors toward it

Front 19

honey bee binary choice exp

Back 19

blue color light for nectar reward, another color for no reward. bee learned best 0-2 seconds before reaching flower.

Front 20

bees time lag learning

Back 20

trained to go to blue peppermint at 9 am then yellow circle at 10. bees released at 8:45--went to blue peppermint then at 9:45 went to yellow circle.

Front 21

major genes

Back 21

one or a few genes totally explain behavior

Front 22

polygenes

Back 22

behavior is affected by many genes. variation in states of behavior.

Front 23

margaret basketock

Back 23

fruit flies. "yellow" mutant rarely got to mate bc spent too much time orientating and not vibrating (less courtship)

Front 24

rothenbuler

Back 24

american foulbrood (disease resistance in honeybees). resistant colonies: sucked out infected pupae hygenic. homozygous recessive.

Front 25

detection of polygenic traits

Back 25

hybrid cross. selection experiment-bimodel curve.

Front 26

development of a song

Back 26

genes-> hornones -> brain development <- experience

Front 27

white crowned sparrow song learning

Back 27

song is learned
song retained in memory
retreival and production
match song segment with learned song
motor stabilization

Front 28

mountain species learn their songs

Back 28

faster than coastal species

Front 29

butterflies mechanisms of getting information

Back 29

1) frequency of response
2) number of circuits fired

Front 30

spatial information available to noctuid moths...

Back 30

what ear recieves sound first
thoraz under wings, wings cast sound shadow if sound from above
volume louder in one ear than other

Front 31

noctuid moths fell out of sky when

Back 31

sound intensity reached flat portion of A2 receptor

Front 32

stimulus filtering

Back 32

selective attention. the animals percieved view of the world.

Front 33

weber fechner law of perception

Back 33

y=bx^n ..... n<1

perception v magnitude of stimulus

Front 34

how do animals find their way?

Back 34

use spatial envoronmental info
backup systems

Front 35

what is the predictable cue used (how to figure out what way animals are navigating their way around)

Back 35

1) manipulate suspected cue (ex: tinbergen and bees)
2) knock out or manipulate sensory system (ex knock out vision)

Front 36

Moths at night looking for females...

Back 36

if male smells pheronmone, must be downwind from female.

Front 37

bee displacement experiment

Back 37

moved sugar bowl over, bees still went straight up to hive but wasnt there, bees were using the suns position to navigate

Front 38

hatchling sea turtle orientation experiment. what other experiment is it similar to as well?

Back 38

turtles swam towards paddle (into waves) then continued on w/ internal magnetic field. 30 min turtles did better keeping direction.

Front 39

genetic variation

Back 39

diversity of genetic material in a population which is essential for evolutionary change

Front 40

4 sources of variation

Back 40

mutation, genetic recombination, chromosomal abberations, migrations

Front 41

evolution

Back 41

change in genetic makeup of population

Front 42

hardy weinberg equil

Back 42

no change in evolution. no genetic drift, no gene flow, no natural selection, random mating

Front 43

Vphenotypic =?

Back 43

Vg + Ve

Front 44

broad sense heritability

Back 44

Hb = Vg/Vp = Vg/ Vg + Ve

Front 45

two approached to ultimate causation

Back 45

1) historical fossil record, morphologica info, extrapolate behavior)
2) study adaptation

Front 46

methodologies for ultimate causation

Back 46

direct evidence of behavior (historical)- ex: worm tunnels 135 mil yrs ago and 3 mil yrs ago.
comparitive method: study behavior in extant related species.

Front 47

Charles michenen example of comparitive method

Back 47

Halidactae behavior in bees
1) solitary
2) aggregation
3) communal
4) quasi social
5) semi social
6)Eusocial

Front 48

behavioral ecologists

Back 48

people who study ultimate causation, more insterested in adaptation

Front 49

adaptation includes 3 things:

Back 49

1) inheritable phenotypic character
2) gives individual advantage over others
3) reproductive fitness advantage

Front 50

communication.

Back 50

the action of one animal alters the action of the other

Front 51

signaler

Back 51

encodes info

Front 52

reciever

Back 52

decodes signal info

Front 53

the behavior that evolves into communicative signal

Back 53

already exists and has another function

Front 54

sensory exploitation hypothesis

Back 54

communication system has origins in the preexisting properties of the nervous system of the reciever. the signal established because signaller exploits already existing preference in the reciever

Front 55

example of sensory exploitation hypothesis:

Back 55

platyfish and swordtails. preference for longer tails aleady existed but then evolved to swordtails.

Front 56

functions of communication

Back 56

alarm, food, group spacing, mating, predator avoidance, recognition

Front 57

Basalo experiment:

Back 57

swordtails: female in middle, surrounded by one long tail one short tail. chooses long tail. chose on basis of trait alone.

Front 58

Andersson experiment

Back 58

widow birds choose on basis of length of tails.

Front 59

Vonfrish honey bee experiment

Back 59

rounddance when close. encodes direction and distance.
Far distance: waggle dance. encoded concentration with wing flapping and direction. distance is far. zig zag dance. direction in terms of sun straight ahead.

Front 60

step bees experiment

Back 60

distance NOT direction is encoded

Front 61

optimality models

Back 61

predict best behavior (best you can do among set of possibilities and limitations)

Front 62

territory

Back 62

exclusive area defined by individual or group
functions: feeding and/or breeding

Front 63

economic defensibility

Back 63

animals will spend time and energy defending territory when yields greater net profits

Front 64

cost benefit models can provide...

Back 64

predicitve power

Front 65

factors affecting decision to hold territory

Back 65

resource quality spatial patterning (want modest amounts, clumped distribution)
temporal patterning (want predictable, renewable resources)
want less competitors

Front 66

optimal diet model

Back 66

based on rankings in profitability E/H. doesnt include predators or competitors. depends on mean profitability.

Front 67

bombus bee experiment

Back 67

blue type provided 1/10 conc each time, yellow provided 1 each 10 visits. same mean for both. risk sensitive chooses based on distribution (variation) and risk averse wants the certainty.

Front 68

risk prone

Back 68

chooses to risk it, when theres low food and negative energy budget.

Front 69

risk averse

Back 69

under normal satisfactory conditions.

Front 70

patch model

Back 70

time in patch increases w travel time

Front 71

evolutionary stable strategy (game theory)

Back 71

competitive optimum diet model. best strategy may change.
if when adopted by members of a population, it cannot be invaded by the spread of a rare alternative strategy

Front 72

ideal free distribution

Back 72

used to predict distribution in a patchy environment.
assumptions: habitat contains patches, individuals move freely among patches, everyone equally competitive, each indiviual is ideal in that it goes where its expected gain is highest

Front 73

R.A. fishers runaway hypothesis

Back 73

trait is arbitrary; says nothing about male.
natural selection drives trait, female selection drives trait, natural selection stops it at equilibrium.

Front 74

narrow sense heritability

Back 74

Va/ Vp Va = adaptive variance

Front 75

good genes: Zahavis Handicap Hypothesis

Back 75

females select males w elaborated traits bc these traits are costly which indicates the quality of the male--hisd good genes.
female shouldnt choose low extremes because you cant tell if its a good male or bad male.

Front 76

hamilton and zuk: tested handicap hypothesis

Back 76

males show more color when resistant to disease.

Front 77

fluctutating asymmetry

Back 77

females prefer symmetry. males w lower asymmetry produced more of a pheromone which attracted females. waxed over pheromones, females had no preference.

Front 78

Florida Scrub Jays

Back 78

by helping adult birds care for offspring it lowers their direct fitness increases indirect fitness

Front 79

r= coefficient of relatedness

Back 79

.5 x .5 + .5 x .5 = .5 shared w siblings

Front 80

indirect fitness

Back 80

helping non decendent kin contributes genes indirectly

Front 81

inclusive fitness

Back 81

sum of direct and indirect fitness

Front 82

kin selection

Back 82

the process that occurs when individuals differ in ways that affect surivival of their offspring and/or surival of the non descendant kin. WAY THAT YOU HELP YOUR YOUNG IS DIFF THAN WAY YOU HELP A STRANGER form of natural selection.

Front 83

hamiltons rule

Back 83

when should an animal perform an altruistic behavior?
Genetic Benefit/ Genetic cost > 1/r
more related, the more altruistic (the higher the cost can be). The lower the relatedness, the higher the benefit.