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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What makes up 96% of living organisms ? |
hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen |
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Archaebacteria |
ancient bacteria that survived the harsh, oxygen free environment of young earth |
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Matter |
Defined as anything that occupies space and has mass. We can often identify matter with our senses by feeling, seeing, tasting, and smelling. It can exist in one of three states; gas, liquid, or solid. ex) the mass of an animal is based on how much matter it contains, whereas an animal's weight is determined by the pull of gravity on the matter |
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Blood |
primarily composed of water, is a vital liquid that helps transport critical nutrients to hungry tissues |
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What are the three types of chemical bonds? |
covalent, ionic, and hydrogen |
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Atom |
Smallest unit of an element that retains the unique properties of the element. Made of protons, neutrons, and electrons. |
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Atomic nucleus |
When protons and neutrons are grouped together in the center of an atom. The neutrons and protons together determine the atomic weight of the atom. |
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Atomic number |
Equal to the number of protons found in the nucleus |
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Ion |
A charged atom, + or - |
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Isotopes |
Atoms that contain a different number of neutrons |
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Radioactive isotope |
Spontaneously emits particles of energy at a constant rate and thereby changes into a stable, nonradioactive element. The rate at which this happens is called the rate of decay. |
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Electron shell |
The are around the nucleus where the electrons have their most likely position. |
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Molecule of the element |
When two or more atoms of the same element are joined together. ex) oxygen - exists as a molecule of two oxygen atoms joined together |
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Solutions |
Homogeneous mixtures of various substances. These components can be gases, liquids, and/or solids. Solutes in solutions are very tiny, consisting of molecules, such as glucose and sodium chloride, or of individual atoms. They do not settle out and don't refract light, usually clear. |
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Colloids (emulsions) |
Heterogeneous mixtures that contain much larger sized solutes that those found in solutions. Despite their increased size, solutes do not precipitate out of colloids but they often reflect light. Appear translucent or milky. Have the ability to transform from a fluid to a solid and back again. ex) jello |
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Suspensions |
Heterogeneous mixtures containing large solutes that readily separate from the solution when there is no movement of the suspension. The cellular components of blood settle to the bottom of the liquid portion, which is known as plasma. ex) blood |
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Chemical bonding |
The way that atoms join together to form molecules. A chemical bond between two atoms means that the atoms are sharing or transferring electrons between them. |
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Covalent bond |
A strong chemical bond formed when atoms share electrons. Single covalent bond - formed when one electron is shared Double covalent bond - when two electrons share the bond Triple covalent bond - when three electrons are shared |
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Polar molecule |
Molecule having oppositely charged ends |
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Ionic bond |
Formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Most often formed between two types of atoms |
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Electrostatic attraction |
When two atoms are drawn to each other by their respective electrical charges. This is an ionic bond, and the resulting compound is a molecule of sodium chloride, or table salt. |
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Cations |
Positively charged ions |
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Anions |
Negatively charged ions |
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Hydrogen bond |
More of an electrostatic attraction than a true bond because electrons are neither shared nor transferred. It is far weaker than either a true ionic bond or a covalent bond. Formed when a hydrogen atom is electostatically attracted to another hydrogen atom that is convalenty bonded to a separate atom on a separate portion of the same molecule or on a separate molecule all together. |
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Chemical reaction |
The formation and breaking of chemical bonds |
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Chemical equation |
The way in which the reaction is described in writing, it shows the molecular formula of the reactants (x and y) , the products (Z) and the direction of the reaction (shown by an arrow). |
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What are the three types of chemical reactions? |
Synthesis, decomposition, and exhange |
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Synthesis reaction |
A new and more complex chemical is made by combing multiple smaller molecules or elements together. Occurs in the body when simple molecules such as amino acids are assembled to form larger peptide chains, which in turn can be assembled to form proteins needed by the body. |
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Decomposition reaction |
A single chemical is broken down into multiple, smaller, chemical units.
The reverse of synthesis reactions and involve the breakdown of chemical bonds. They are the foundation of catabolic (degradative) reactions. |
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Exchange reaction |
When certain atoms are exchanged between molecules. It is a combination of a synthesis and decomposition reactions. Bonds are both broken and made. New molecules are produced when chemical partners are exchanged. |
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Activation energy |
The energy required for the reaction to happen. Some reactions |
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Organic compounds |
Tend to be large, complex molecules that contain Carbon-Carbon (c-c) covalent bonds or carbon-hydrogen (c-h) bonds. ex) proteins, carbohydrates, triglycerides, and nucleic acids |
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Inorganic molecules |
Water, salts, acids, and bases, rarely contain carbon and do not contain c-c or c-h bonds. They tend to be small molecules and often have ionic bonding. |
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Why is carbon an essential component or organic molecules? |
Carbon is small in size and is electrically neutral so it never gains or loses electrons. It shares electrons with other atoms. |
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Water |
Very simple molecule that is composed one one oxygen atom covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms. It is a polar molecule that has a slight positive charge in the area of the hydrogen atoms and a slight negative charge in the area of the oxygen atom. Ideal transport medium. Allows molecules in the water to move around freely and to be cushioned from each other. Has a high heat capacity and a high heat of vaporization. Also used for lubrication. ex) fluid in the pericardial sac allows the heart to move freely within the sac and synovial fluid in the joints allows bones to rub without pain with a limb is moved |
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Hydrophilic |
Chemicals that dissolve or mix well in water and are usually polar molecules are ions. Water loving. |
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Hydrophobic |
Molecules that do not mix well with water. Water hating. |
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Salts |
Mineral compounds that have ionic bonds, and they are the principal form of minerals that enter and are stored in the body. ex) sodium chloride (NACL), calcium phosphate Salts in their ionic form are known as electrolytes, substances that have the ability to transmit an electrical change. |
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Acids |
Ionically bonded substances that, when added to water, freely release hydrogen ions (H+). Acids ionize in water and one of their ions is H+. Therefore called H+ donors since H+ is a proton with no electron. |
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Bases |
Alkaline compounds that are ionically bonded, also ionize in water but release a hydroxyl ion (OH-), not hydrogen ions, therefore bases are known as proton acceptors. |
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Buffering the solution |
Keeping the pH in the neutral range. Buffers don't allow excessive hydrogen or hydroxyl ions to accumulate. ex) carbonic acid and bicarbonate. |
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What are the four groups molecules are divided into? |
Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids |
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Carbohyrdates |
Used for energy, storage of energy, and cellular structures. Composed of atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as water. ex) table sugar, starch, and cellulose |
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Monosaccharide |
Simplest form of a carbohydrate. Also known as simple sugar. Contains three to seven carbon atoms in a chain or ring. ex) glucose, this molecule is the primary fuel of the body. It is known as a hexose sugar because it contains six carbon atoms. ex of hexose sugar is frutose. |
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Disaccharide |
When two monosaccharides are joined together the reaction is a synthesis reaction. ex) combination of glucose and fructose to make sucrose, which is table sugar. |
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Anabolism |
Cells that use synthesis reactions to build molecules needed for cellular functioning. |
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Catabolism |
The decomposition of nutrients |
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Hydrolysis |
When water is used in the reaction to break down sucrose |
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Polysaccharides |
Combination of many monosaccharides, all joined by dehydration synthesis. Can have a structural or a fuel storage function. ex) Glycogen - is an important polysaccharide that has a similar function in plant tissues. |
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Glycoprotein |
A macromolecule composed of carbohydrate attached to a protein. |
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Lipids |
Used in the body for energy and are stored in fat for future energy needs. Serve as chemical messengers in the form of some hormones. |
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What are the four classes of lipids? |
Neutral fats, phospholipids, steroids, and eiccosanoids |
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Neutral fats |
Also called triglycerides, contain three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule (modified, three carbon simple sugar) |
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Fatty acid |
A chain of carbon atoms with one or two hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon by single or double bonds. |
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Saturated fatty acid
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When all the bonds in the hydrocarbon chain are single bonds and as many hydrogen atoms as possible are attached to the carbon. These are mainly found in animal fats such as butter and lard.
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Unsaturated fatty acid |
When there are some double bonds between the carbon and hydrogen atoms. Mainly part of plant origin, such as corn oil and olive oil. |
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Lipoprotein |
Macromolecule composed of proteins and lipids. Used to transport fats within the body. |
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Phsopholipids |
Similar to triglycerides in that they have a glycerol backbone. They have two fatty acids attached to the glycerol extending in one direction. In place of the third fatty acid, they have a phosphate group attached to a nitrogen containing compound extending in the other direction. |
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Steroids |
Lipids that take form of four interlocking hydrocarbon rings. They are hydrophobic, non polar substances with very little oxygen. Cholesterol is used in the formation of bile salts, which aid in fat digestion. Also used by the adrenal glands, testes, and ovaries for creation of steroid hormones including cortisone, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone. |
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Eicosanoids |
Lipids formed from a 20-carbon fatty acid and a ring structure. Important substances for the mediation of complex chemical processes in the body and include: prostaglandins (PGs) , which mediate inflammation, thromoxane, which mediates platelet function, and leukotrienes, which mediate bronchoconstriction and increased mucus production. |
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Proteins |
Most abundant organic molecules in the body. They also have the widest variety of functions. Used for cell structures and structural body tissues, for controlling chemical reactions, for regulating growth, and for defending the body from invaders. Proteins are organic molecules made cheifly of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen, though some proteins also contain sulfur, iron, or phosphorus. |
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Amino acids |
Contains a central carbon atom attached to a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a unique group of atoms called a side chain designated by the letter R. |
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Primary structure |
The sequence and number of amino acids that link together to form the peptide chain.
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Structural proteins |
Stable, rigid, water-insoluable proteins that are used for adding strength to tissues or cells. They often have long, stringy shape and are called fibrous proteins. ex) collagen, which is the main protein in connective tissues such as ligaments, cartilage, bone, and tendons; fibrin, and keratin, which is the main protein in hair, hooves, horns, and the outer layer of skin |
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Functional proteins |
Generally water soluble and have a flexible, three-dimensional shape, which can change under different circumstances. They have a convoluted, changeable shape and are called globular proteins. ex) hemoglobin, antibodies, protein-based hormones, and enzymes |
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Nucleic acids |
The largest molecules in the body and are composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. There are two classes: DNA and RNA |
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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) |
Exists mainly in the nucleus but also in the mitrochondria; it is the molecule that contains all the instructions needed by the cell to build proteins. Consists of two parallel strands of the nucleotides adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. The strands are connected by hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases. |
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RNA (ribonucleic acid) |
Transfers the instructions out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm of the cell and builds the proteins. You can think DNA as the blueprint for the cell and RNA as the scanner/fax/printer that brings the instructions to where they are needed. Consists of only one strand of the nucleotides adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil. There are three types of RNA that have unique roles in protein synthesis: transfer, messenger, and ribosomal RNA. |
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Nucelotides |
The molecular building blocks of nucleic acids. There are five different nucleotides but they all have the same basic structure. Composed of nitrogenous base, plus a five-carbon (pentose) sugar, plus a phosphate group. Three nucleotides, adenine (A), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) occur in both DNA and RNA. |
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Chromosomes |
Replicated during cell division so that all daughter cells inherit an identical copy of the chromosomes from the parent cell. |
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ATP (adenosine triphosphate) |
As glucose is broken down into monosaccharides, the energy created is stored in this molecule. You can think of ATP as the energy currency of cells. The cells need ATP to fuel any work that they do. ATP is a RNA nucleotide containing the nitrogen base adenine with two additional phosphate groups attached. |
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Cellular respiration |
The cells need ATP to fuel any work that they do. Just as wood is added to a fire, and the fire burns the wood to create heat, nutrients are added to the body, and the cells use up the nutrients in this process. |
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High-energy bonds |
The bonds between the phosphate groups. It is when these bonds are broken that energy is released from the ATP molecule. |
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ADP (adenosine diphosphate) |
During the process of enzymes moving to the terminal phosphate group, the ATP molecule loses a phosphate group and becomes this. |
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AMP (adenosine monophosphate) |
Another phosphate group can then be used, resulting in the creation of a molecule, AMP. As more glucose and other nutrients are metabolized, phosphate groups are joined to AMP. |
