Chapter 1- Animal Anatomy And Physiology

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

the science of the structure of the body and the relation of its parts

Front 2

Physiology

Back 2

the science of how the body functions

Front 3

2 types of cells and their meanings

Back 3

Prokaryotic- "before nucleus"

Eukaryotic- "true nucleus"

Front 4

Prokaryote

Back 4

a cell that lacks a true membrane bound nucleus and organelles

Front 5

all bacteria are...prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Back 5

prokaryotic

Front 6

eukaryote

Back 6

a cell that has a membrane bound nucleus and contains many different membrane bound organelles

Front 7

all multicellular organisms are...prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Back 7

eukaryotic

Front 8

three major parts of a eukaryotic cell

Back 8

nucleus

cytoplasm

cell membrane

Front 9

what does the cell membrane do

Back 9

separates the cell from its external environment

Front 10

three characteristics of cell membranes

Back 10

1. double phospholipid layer with interspersed proteins, carbohydrate chains, and cholesterol

2. semipermeable

3. surface modifications (cilia- surface movement, flagellum- cell movement, microvilli-increases surface area)

Front 11

cytoplasms job

Back 11

encompasses everything within the cell except the nucleus and contains organelles

Front 12

name 8 different organelles

Back 12

mitochondria, cytoskeleton, centrioles, peroxisomes, lysosomes, golgi complex/apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum (rough/smooth), ribosome.

Front 13

three characterisics of ribsomes

Back 13

float freely or are attached to the ER

composed of protein and ribosomal RNA

site of protein synthesis

Front 14

4 characteristics of mitochondria

Back 14

powerhouse of the cell

produces ATP

double membrane with inner one extending into folds called cristae

contains mitochondrial DNA and protein

Front 15

cristaes job

Back 15

increase surface area for production of ATP/energy

Front 16

what three cycles are used to produce ATP

Back 16

Krebs cycle

citric acid cycle

tricarboxylic acid cycle

(all 3 = cellular respiration)

Front 17

two types of ER and differences between them

Back 17

Smooth- no ribosomes, not involved with protein synthesis, is important in synthesizing cholesterol, steroid based hormones, and lipids, detoxification of drugs, glycogen break down, and fat transportation

Rough- hollowed system of flattened membranous channels with attached ribosomes. transportation network for proteins

Front 18

two characteristics of golgi

Back 18

1. stacked, saucer shaped membranes that function as receiving, packaging, and distributing substances from ER

2. produces lysosomes

Front 19

three characteristics of lysosomes

Back 19

1. contain digestive enzymes that digest intracellular bacteria and breakdown non-functional organelles, and nutrients

2. autolysis (self-digestion) occurs if the lysosome enzymes are released into the cytoplasm

3. large number found in phagocytic cells (WBCs)

Front 20

4 characteristics of peroxisomes

Back 20

1. membrane bound and contain strong oxidase and catalase enzymes

2. use oxygen to detoxify toxic substances, especially alcohol and formaldehyde

3. important in converting free radicals into hydrogen peroxide which are converted by water into catalase enzymes

4.large number in liver and kidney cells

Front 21

2 characteristics of cytoskeleton

Back 21

1. has microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments, all made of proteins

2. provides framework (internal), structure, support, anchors organelles, and enables movement

Front 22

3 characteristics of centrioles

Back 22

1. microtubules arranged to form a hollow tube

2. important in organizing the mitotic spindle

3. form the base of cilia and flagella

Front 23

5 characteristics of the nucleus

Back 23

1. control center of the cell

2. has DNA to govern heredity and protein synthesis

3. double semipermeable nuclear membrane/envelope

4. has 1 or more nucleoli to manufacture ribosomal units

5. DNA = form of chromatin in non-dividing cell, chromosomes = form of chromatin in dividing cells

Front 24

solute

Back 24

a substance that can be dissolved

Front 25

solvent

Back 25

a substance that does the dissolving

Front 26

solution

Back 26

when the solute has dissolved and is no longer distinguishable from the solvent (uniform mixture)

Front 27

intracellular

Back 27

within a cell

Front 28

extracellular

Back 28

outside of a cell

Front 29

intercellular

Back 29

between cells, interstitial

Front 30

4 types of passive movment

Back 30

diffusion

facilitated diffusion

osmosis

filtration

Front 31

diffusion and example

Back 31

movement of molecules from a high to low concentration (ex: oxygen entering/ carbon dioxide leaving a cell)

Front 32

facilitated diffusion and example

Back 32

diffusion with the aid of carrier proteins (ex: glucose entering a cell)

Front 33

osmosis

Back 33

movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration (high solvent) to a region of high solute concentration (low solvent)

Front 34

osmotic pressure

Back 34

the amount of pressure necessary to stop the flow of water across the membrane

Front 35

filtration and example

Back 35

substances are forced through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure, small solutes will pass while large molecules will not (ex: kidney function)

Front 36

three types of active movement

Back 36

(requires energy)

endocytosis

exocytosis

active transport

Front 37

phagocytosis and example

Back 37

"cell eating"

cell membrane extends around solid particles (ex: WBCs and macrophages)

Front 38

pinocytosis and example

Back 38

"cell drinking"

cell membrane extends around fluid droplets (ex: absorptive cells of the small intestine)

Front 39

receptor mediated and example

Back 39

specialized membrane receptors bind to substances entering the cell (ex: enzymes, insulin, hormones, iron, and cholesterol entering the cell)

Front 40

exocytosis and example

Back 40

materials are expelled by the cell- waste products are excreted and useful products are secreted into the extracellular space (ex: hormones, neurotransmitters, and mucus being released from a cell)

Front 41

active transport and example

Back 41

movement of molecules from a low to high concentration with the aid of carrier proteins (ex: sodium potassium pump)