Anatomy And Physiology Chapter 2 Test 1

Front 1

Matter

Back 1

materials that exist within our universe. Things that have an existance and take up space. Made up of elements

Front 2

Element

Back 2

Very basic and pure substance/simple

Front 3

What are Atoms and tell me about them

Back 3

the smallest functional unit of an element. Comprised of subatomic particles. Has protons neutrons and electrons that work together in a system. The things that define an atom are the AMOUNT of protons neutrons and electrons

Front 4

Protons and neutrons are located in the _______.

Back 4

Atomic neucleus

Front 5

Where are electrons found?

Back 5

ouside the atomic neucleus

Front 6

Charge

Back 6

Represents electrons, neutrons, or electrons predictable

Front 7

Atomic Number: and what it does and why

Back 7

Number of protons within the nucleus of an atom. Also indicates the number of electrons because each atom is said to be electronically balanced.

Front 8

Atomic Mass

Back 8

Number of protons plus the number of neutrons.

Front 9

How do you get the number of neutrons?

Back 9

By subtracting the number of protons from the atomic mass

Front 10

Isotopes

Back 10

atoms that have the same number of protons, but have different numbers of neutrons or same atomic number and different atomic mass

Front 11

Carbon

Back 11

Very important to humans. Has six protons and six electrons but different structures of carbon have different atomic mass

Front 12

Radio Isotope

Back 12

element or isotope that gives off energy

Front 13

Molecular Formula

Back 13

the formular/composition of a molecule

Does NOT indicate structure

Front 14

Molecular formula for glucose?

Back 14

C6 H12 O6

Front 15

Structural Formula

Back 15

shows how atoms and molecules connect to for the molecular formula

Front 16

Formula

Back 16

"directions on what's in there"

Front 17

Covalent Bonding

Back 17

chemical bond resulting from the sharing of electrons

Front 18

Ionic Bonding

Back 18

Chemical bond resulting from the transfer of electrons

Front 19

Explain how an electron distribution works

Back 19

First look at the number of protons. Once you know how many protons there are, you know how many electrons there are. Distribute the electrons to the several energy levels.

Front 20

What is the order (in #s) for the energy levels in an electron distribution?

Back 20

2 -> 8 -> 18 -> 32

Front 21

Non-Reacting Elements

Back 21

Do not typically form chemical bonds under the earth's atmosphere due to having 8 electrons in their last energy level or having 2 electrons in their ONLY energy level.

Front 22

Name the major non-reacting elements, their atomic number, and give their nick-name

Back 22

Helium - 2
Neon - 10
Argon - 18
Krypton - 36
Xenon - 54
Radon - 86
AKA: "Noble Gases"

Front 23

Valence?

Back 23

The number of electrons the element requires to become more stable. To become more stable, it must have 8 electrons in its outer layer. The number of electrons needed to complete this 8 is known as the valence

Front 24

The valence of hydrogen is ___

Back 24

One

Front 25

The valence of oxygen is ____

Back 25

Two

Front 26

The valence of nitrogen is ____

Back 26

Three

Front 27

The valence of carbon is ____

Back 27

four

Front 28

Tell me how an ionic bond would happen.

Back 28

Step 1: Two atoms with a mutual need for electrons transfer the elctrons to try to become more stable and have 8 electrons in its outer shell.
Step 2: The transfer occurs
Step 3: The positively charged cations and negatively charged anions come together and you get an ionic bond.

Front 29

Ion

Back 29

charged atom

Front 30

Cation

Back 30

positively charged ion

ex: Na+

Front 31

Anion

Back 31

Negatively chargerd ion

ex: Cl-

Front 32

Water is held together by ____ covalent bonding.

Back 32

polar

Front 33

Polar covalent bonding

Back 33

(water) having opposite charges

Front 34

Non-Polar covalent bonding

Back 34

(fats oils, and lipids) equal sharing of electrons where both sides are equal (+ to +) or (- to -)

Front 35

WHat happens in covalent bonding if one atoms hasmore protons than another?

Back 35

that side which is stronger will spend more time with the electrons

Front 36

What happens when electrons spend more time with a certain atom?

Back 36

the atom begins to become a little more negative

Front 37

WHat happens when electrons spend more time on the opposite side of an atom

Back 37

It becomes more positive

Front 38

Polarity

Back 38

anything that has a positive and negative end

Front 39

Suffix: -ity

Back 39

property of having

Front 40

Hydrogen Bond

Back 40

holds neighboring water molecules together under the right remperatures and pressures. Heat breaks the hydrogen bond in water molecules and causes it to evaporate. Each hydrogen bond can hold a certain amount of heat before it breaks

Front 41

Name the properties of water

Back 41

Polarity
cohesion
adhesion
specific heat
heat of vaporization

Front 42

What is polarity?

Back 42

property of being polar (having positive and negative)

Front 43

name two kinds of polarity (in water) and tell their functions

Back 43

hydrophillic - property of water attracting something
hydrophobic - property of water not attracting something

Front 44

Cohesion

Back 44

water sticking to water.(surface tension - measure of cohesion)

Front 45

Adhesion

Back 45

water sticking to some other surface. (capillary action)

Front 46

Specific Heat

Back 46

the ability of water to hold heat

Front 47

Heat of vaporization

Back 47

amount of energy needed to convert liquid water into vapors

Front 48

Tell me about acids and bases

Back 48

Acids - something that RELEASES hydrogen ions
Bases - something that ACCEPTS hydrogen ions and contains hydroxl (OH-) ions

Front 49

strong acid/weak acid

Back 49

strong acid - high number of hydrogen ions released
weak acid - low number of hydrogen ions released

Front 50

strong base/weak base

Back 50

strong base - accepts greater number of hydrogen ions
weak base - accepts less number of hydrogen ions

Front 51

What does a hydroxl ion look like?

Back 51

OH-

Front 52

OH- is called a _____________

Back 52

Hydroxl ion

Front 53

H+ is a ______________

Back 53

Hydrogen ion

Front 54

What do the letters in PH stand for?

Back 54

Population of Hydrogen ions

Front 55

what does the PH scale run from and what is the midpoint?

Back 55

0-14 and 7.000 is the midpoint

Front 56

What happens when you get closer to 0 on the ph scale?

Back 56

the acidity increases

Front 57

What happens when you get closer to 14 on the ph scale?

Back 57

The alkalinity increases

Front 58

what kind of acid resides in the 1.5-2.0 zone

Back 58

stomach acid

Front 59

What is something with a ph of 7.000?

Back 59

Neither an acid nor a base....water

Front 60

PH of human blood?

Back 60

under optimal conditions 7.4
It is slightly alkaline
Acceptable range is 7.35-7.45

Front 61

Acidosis

Back 61

condition of having too much acid in your blood

Front 62

Alkalosis

Back 62

Condition of having too much alkaline (bases) in your bood.

Front 63

difference between respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis

Back 63

acidosis - too much carbon dioxide in the blook which cannot be removed
alkalosis - low levels of carbon dioxide in the blood

Front 64

Difference between metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis

Back 64

Acidosis - too much acids in the blood
Alkalosis - too little carbon dioxide plasma concentration

Front 65

Carbohydrates

Back 65

(carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) provides us with the bulk of our energy each day.
Provides photosynthesis
Helps with cellular respiration

Front 66

what is a monosaccaride?

Back 66

single sugar - smallest and simplest of sugars

Front 67

What is the template for a monosaccharide?

Back 67

C1 H2 O1
there will usually be twice as many hydrogen atoms and an equal amount of oxygen atoms as carbon.

Front 68

What is a pentose and name the pentoses.

Back 68

"free carbon sugar" C5 H10 O5
Ribose and Deoxyribose are pentoses

Front 69

What is a hexose and name the hexoses

Back 69

"six carbon atom sugar" C6 H12 O6
glucose, fructose, galactose

Front 70

Glucose

Back 70

(C6 H12 O6) primary source of energy. Brain cells require a continual supply of glucose/dextrose. Primarily produced by plants

Front 71

Fructose

Back 71

(fruit sugar) goes first to the liver where it is converted into glucose
(hexose)

Front 72

Galactose

Back 72

(milk) goes into the liver to be converted into glucose
(hexose)

Front 73

Ribose

Back 73

important to RNA

Front 74

Deoxyribose

Back 74

important to DNA

Front 75

Name all the monosaccharides

Back 75

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Ribose, and Deoxyribose

Front 76

Disaccharides

Back 76

Class of sugar that has two monosaccharide sugar molecules joined together

Front 77

Name the disaccharides and what they are

Back 77

Sucrose - glucose + fructose (sugar cane)
Lactose - glucose + galactose (milk sugar)
Maltose - glucose + glucose (grain sugar)

Front 78

Dehydration Synthesis

Back 78

is a chemical reaction in which two molecules or moieties react and become covalently bonded to one another by the concurrent loss of a small molecule, usually water

Front 79

Hydrolosis

Back 79

A chemical reaction that uses water to break down a compound.

Front 80

Enzymes

Back 80

"workers of cells" which put things together and takes them apart within our cells

Front 81

Diff between a deoxyribose and a ribose

Back 81

a Deoxyribose molecule has one less oxygen than a ribose molecule

Front 82

Polysacharides

Back 82

Complex carbohydrates. Many monosaccharides connected togeher using dehydration synthesis. contains energy

Front 83

Name the main polysaccharides and their function

Back 83

Starch - "stoarage form of glucose in plants"
Glycogen - "storage form of glucose in animals"
Cellulose - Made by plants as a building material
Glycoproteins - found on the surface of red blood cells. important to blood types

Front 84

Lipids

Back 84

Need carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Group of chemicals, usually fats, that do not dissolve in water.

Front 85

Neutral fats

Back 85

body fats that arent charged and wont dissolve in water

Front 86

Fatty acids and glycerol

Back 86

molecules that put together to make a chain of lipids

Front 87

Name the three glycerides

Back 87

Monoglyceride
Diglyceride
Triglyceride

Front 88

Monoglyceride

Back 88

one fatty acid connected to one glycerol molecule

Front 89

Diglyceride

Back 89

two fatty acids connected to one glycerol molecule through covalnet bonds

Front 90

Triglyceride

Back 90

Three fatty acids connected to one glycerol molecule. Each molecule of body fat is made up of triglycerides

Front 91

Serum

Back 91

referring to blood

Front 92

In nature there are some ___ different kinds of fatty acids

Back 92

18

Front 93

Saturated fatty acids

Back 93

fatty acids that are loaded or full. Carries the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. Tends to come from animal sources

Front 94

Hydrocarbons are ___________?

Back 94

fuel molecules

Front 95

what does an acide group look like?

Back 95

one carbon that has a double bond with oxygen and a single bond with OH

Front 96

Unsaturated/Polyunsaturated

Back 96

when a fatty acid is not loaded or full. Has room for hydrogen atoms

Front 97

Mono Unsaturated

Back 97

one double bond in the "fatty section of the unsaturated fatty acid

Front 98

Plyunsatured

Back 98

many double bonds in the fatty section of the unsaturated fatty acid

Front 99

Tras fatty acid

Back 99

undergoes a change (trans)

Front 100

Something is not a hexose when it is __________ (molecular formula for soemthing)

Back 100

C6 H12 O6

Front 101

Glycerol

Back 101

weak alcohol that has three carbons, five hydrogens, and three OH

Front 102

Triglyceride molecule

Back 102

connecting a glycerol to three faty acids using dehydration synthesis. Three waters come out (de-hydra)

Front 103

C-CH2-Ch2-Ch2-Ch2-Ch2-CH3

what is this?

Back 103

saturated fatty acid

Front 104

Phospholipids

Back 104

lipids that contain phophorus and is important to the maup of cell membranes

Front 105

Cholesterol

Back 105

leading member of the steroid family that are strictly found in animals

Front 106

Suffix:
-oid

Back 106

Like

Front 107

what is a hexagon shape thingy?

Back 107

a ring of carbon atoms

Front 108

WHat is a hexgon thingy with a letter O in one of its corners known as?

Back 108

Glucose

Front 109

Steroid

Back 109

3 six ring carbon rings connected to one five ring carbon. Made from cholesterol. Powerful hormones

Front 110

Hormone

Back 110

chemical regulator of biological function

Front 111

Name the hormones

Back 111

Estrogen, Progesterone, testosterone, cortisol

Front 112

Estrogen

Back 112

A steroidal hormone produced in both males and females that has a variety of functions. In women, it is released during menstruation to form a hospitable environment for embryo fertilization and implantation in the womb.

Front 113

Progesterone

Back 113

powerful steroid made from cholesterol important for support of pregnancy

Front 114

Testosterone

Back 114

(anabolic) important to make reproductive functions. Produced by males and females

Front 115

Cortisol

Back 115

hormone that helps the body deal with stress (physical)

Front 116

Name the lipid soluable vitamins

Back 116

A,D,E,K

Front 117

Lipoproteins

Back 117

Lipids connected to a protein using a covalent bond. Helps transport materials in the blood

Front 118

Name the two kinds of lipoproteins and their functions

Back 118

HDL - high density lipoprotein. better to have more because it carries cholesterol to places to be eliminated "healthy H"
LDL - low density lipoprotein. want low quantities "L=lowsy" helps in the retention of cholesterol

Front 119

Statins

Back 119

Cholesterol lowering medication. Lowers levels of LDL

Front 120

Myelin

Back 120

Lip. Fatty like substance found in the nervous system. Very important in conductiveness in nerve cells

Front 121

Diff between myelinated and non-mylelinated

Back 121

myelinated - covered by a fatty like substance which is protective and is important to the conductiveness of neves (faster)
non-myelinated - not covered (slower)

Front 122

Eicosanoids

Back 122

A family of powerful, hormone-like compounds produced in the body from essential fatty acids

Front 123

Name two kinds of Eicosanoids and their functions

Back 123

Prostaglandins - important to perception of pain
leukotreine - involved with the immune system and white blood cells