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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Necessary Life Functions:
Movement |
includes the activities promoted by the muscular system, such as propelling ourselves from one place to another by runny or swimming, and manipulate the external environment with our nimble fingers.
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Necessary Life Functions:
Responsiveness |
or irritablility, is the ability to sense changes (which serve as stimuli) in the environment and then respond to them.
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Explain the PRINCIPLE OF COMPLEMENTARITY OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION.
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Function always reflects structure. EX: Blood flows in one direction through the heart because the heart has valves that prevent back flow.
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Necessary Life Functions:
Growth |
Is an increase in size either through an increase in the number of cells or through an increase in the size of each individual cell. in order for growth to occur, anabolic processes mus\t occur at a faster rat than catabolic processes.
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Necessary Life Functions:
Reproduction |
cellular and organismal levels. In cellular reproduction, the original cell divides, providing two identical daughter cells that may then be used for body growth or repair. Human reproduction, sperm unites with an egg, a fertilized egg forms into a baby within the mothers body.
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Necessary Life Functions:
Respiration |
Respiration refers to all the processes involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the cells and the external environment. It includes ventilation, the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide, and the transport of the gases in the blood. Cellular respiration deals with the cell's utilization of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide in its metabolism.
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Necessary Life Functions:
Digestion |
the breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood.
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Necessary Life Functions:
Absorption |
Moving the molecules out of the gut to the blood stream.
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Necessary Life Functions:
Circulation |
Moving the absorbed nutrients throughout the body, by means of blood.
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Necessary Life Functions:
Excretion |
The process of removing wastes, or excreta, from the body. Rids non useful substances produced during digestion and metabolism.
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Necessary Life Functions:
Maintaining Boundaries |
Every living organism must maintain its boundaries so that its internal environment remains distinct from the external environment surrounding it.
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Necessary Life Functions:
Metabolism |
Is a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells. It includes breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks(catabolism)
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4 vital signs
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Temperature, pulse, blood pressure, and respirations.
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Why are the 4 vital signs used?
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observable and quantitative, Determining if it is normal or not. Used to determine the stability of the person.
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Necessary for Human Survival:
Nutrients (food) |
Contain the chemical substances used for energy and cell building.
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Necessary for Human Survival:
Oxygen |
The chemical reactions that release energy from foods are oxidative reactions that requires oxygen. Human cells can survive only a few minutes without oxygen. Oxygen is need in blood and body cells. CELL RESPIRATION
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Necessary for Human Survival:
Water |
Provides the watery environment necessary for chemical reaction and fluid base for body secretions and excretions. makes a great solvent. Helps regulate body temperature.
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Necessary for Human Survival:
Normal body temperature (heat) |
IF body temp drops below 98.6 degrees, metabolic reactions become slower and slower, and finally stop. When temp is too high, chemical reactions occur at a frantic pace and body proteins lose their characteristic shape and stop functioning.
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Necessary for Human Survival:
Pressure |
Breathing and gas exchange in the lungs depend on appropriate atmospheric pressure. At high altitudes, where atmospheric pressure is lower and the air is thin, gas exchange may be inadequate to support cellular metabolism. Must maintain blood pressure in the normal range.
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Define Homeostasis
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Homeo- same Stasis- static or stable.
Is the ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously. |
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Receptor
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Is some type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes, called stimuli
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Control Center
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Determines the set point, which is the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained. Analyzes input it receives and determines appropriate course of action.
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Effector
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Provides the means for the control center's response(output) to the stimulus
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Explain negative feedback mechanisms
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The output shuts the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity. These mechanisms cause the variable to change in a direction opposite to that of the initial change, returning it to it's ideal value.
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Give an example of a negative feedback mechanism
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Home temp sensing thermostat houses the receptor and control center. If the thermostat is set on 68 degrees, the heating system (effector) is triggered on when the temp drops below that setting.
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Positive feedback mechanisms
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The result or response ehances the orginal stimulus so that the response is accelerated. This feed back mechanism is "positive" because the change that results proceeds in the same direction as the initial change causing the variable to deviate further and further from its original value or range.
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Give an example of positive feedback mechanisms
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Blood clotting is an example. Once the blood vessel is damaged, blood platelets immediately begin to cling to the injured site and release chemicals to attract more platelets.
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What is Homeostatic Imbalance
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As we age, our body's control systems become less efficient, and our internal environment becomes less and less stable.
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Give an example of Homeostatic Imbalance
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Our internal environment become less stable.
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Describe the correct anatomical position
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Body is erect with feet slightly apart, Palms facing forward.
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Define Axial
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Axial is the head neck and trunk
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Define Appendicular
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Appendicular is the limbs attached to the axial.
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Serous Membranes in the ventral cavity:
Plurea |
Lungs
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Serous Membranes in the ventral cavity:
Paricardium |
Heart
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Serous Membranes in the ventral cavity:
Peritonieum |
Abdominopelvic
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Serous Membranes in the ventral cavity:
Parietal |
Wall
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Serous Membranes in the ventral cavity:
Visceral |
Organ
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Parietal Plurea
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membrane that covers the wall of the lung cavity
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Visceral Pericardium
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Membrane that surrounds the heart
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Parietal Peritonieum
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membrane that covers the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity.
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What is Serous Fluid
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It acts as a lubricant, protects the organs when the rub against each other.
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What is Pleurisy
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Inflammation of the membrane "pleura" surrounding the lungs,
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What is peritonitis
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Inflammation of the membrane that lines the abdomen "peritoneum"
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What is Matter
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Anything that has mass and occupies space, solids, liquids, and gases in the body.
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What is mass
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Matter without gravity
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What are elements
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Unique substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods.
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What are the 4 elements 96% of the body is made up of?
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Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
CHON |
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What is an Atom
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The building blocks in which an element is composed of.
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Describe subatomic particles and its basic structure.
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Nucleus is the central of the atom containing protons and neutrons tightly bound together. Also, surrounded by orbiting electrons
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Define atomic number
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Equals the number of protons in its nucleus.
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Define mass number
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Sum of the masses of both protons and neutrons. Helium has 2 protons and 2 electrons, the bass number for helium is 4amu.
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Define atomic weight
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The average of the relative weights(mass numbers) of all isotopes of an element. Taking into account their relative abundance in nature.
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What are Isotopes
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Isotopes have the same number of protons and electrons, but deffer in the number of neutrons.
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Example of Isotopes
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Each of the carbon isotopes have six protons, but 12C has six neutrons.
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What are radioisotopes
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The heavier isotopes of many elements are unstable, and their atoms decompose spontaneously into more stable forms. This process of atomic decay is called radioactivity, and isotopes that exhibit this behavior are called Radioisotopes.
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Example of radioisotopes
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PET scans use radioisotopes to probe the molecules deep within our bodies.
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What is a molecule
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The combination of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.
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what is an element
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substances that cannot be broken down into any simpler substances
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What is a compound
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Two or more different kinds of atoms bind, they form molecules of a compound. 2 Hydrogen atoms combine with 1 oxygen atom, the compound formed is water.
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What is a mixture
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Substances composed of two or more components physically intermixed.
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What is a solution
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Homogeneous mixtures of components that may be gases, liquids, or solids. Air we breath is a solution
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What is a colloid or emulsion
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Heterogeneous mixtures, which means that their composition is dissimilar in different areas of the mixture. jello
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What is suspension
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Heterogeneous mixtures with large, often visible solutes that tend to settle out. Water and sand mixture.
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Define energy
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The ability to do work.
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pareil (pareille)
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similar
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Whenever energy is converted
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some is always lost to the environment as heat
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What is photosynthesis
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It is the process by which green plants capture solar energy and convert it into chemical bond energy.
CO2+ water+ solar energy --> C6 H12 O6 + O2 + H20 |
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What is cellular respiration
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The process by which humans convert chemical bond energy into energy in ATP(Adensoine triphosphate)
C6 H12 O6 + O2 --> CO2 + H2O+ATP |
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why is ATP so important
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The right strength of energy for us to use in cells and as an organism.
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Chemical energy
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Is the form stored in the bonds of chemicals.
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Electrical Energy
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Results from the movement of charged particles
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Mechanical energy
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Is energy directly involved in moving matter.
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Radiant/electromagnetic energy
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Is the energy that travels in waves.
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what are electron shells
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Electrons forming the electron cloud around the nucleus of an atom.
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How much potential energy does an electron have
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Depends where it is orbiting around the nucleus.
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Which electrons are involved in chemical bonding. Why
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Electrons in the atom's outermost energy level, because inner electrons don't take part in bonding.
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What is a velence shell
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Atom's outermost energy level or that portion of it containing the electrons that are chemically active
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Explain the octet rule
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First shell is filled with (2), 2nd (8), 3rd (8)
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What is Ionic bonding
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A chemical bond between atoms formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to the other.
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Example of ionic bonding
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Formation of table salt (sodium chloride)
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What is covalent bonding
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Electron sharing produces molecules in which the shared electrons occupy a single orbital common to both atoms.
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what is polar covalent bonding
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unequal sharing of electrons. Slight negative charge at one end of molecule, slight positive charge at other end. Water.
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what are hydrogen bonds
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Hydrogen bonds form when a hydrogen atom, already covalently linked to one electronegative atom (usually nitrogen or oxygen), is attracted by another electron-hungry atom, so that a "bridge" forms between them.
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what is the purpose of a synthesis reaction
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Atoms or molecules combine to form a larger, more complex molecule. Also, combination
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Example of synthesis reaction
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Amino Acids
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What is an endergonic reaction
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energy absorbing reactions
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What is decomposition reaction
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Breaks large molecules down into smaller molecules.
AB-->A+B |
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Example of decomposition reaction
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Glycogen is broken down to release glucose units.
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What is an exergonic reaction
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A reaction that releases energy
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Exchange reaction
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Parts of the reactant molecules change partners, so to speak. Bonds are both made and broken.
AB+C--> AC+B |
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Example of Exchange reaction
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ATP transfers its terminal phosphate group to glucose to form glucose-phosphate.
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Redox reaction
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Breaks down food for energy.
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Example of redox reaction
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Glucose broken down for energy in body cells.
C6 H12 O6+ 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O+ ATP |
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Reversible reaction
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To get what we need (A+B <---> AB) do we need more "AB" or more "A"
ADP + P <--> ATP |
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Glucocorticoids
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Source: Adrenal cortex
Action: Increases blood glucose level and decreases protein synthesis Disorder: hypocortisolism - addison's disease |
