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163 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is bloods connective tissue matrix
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blood plasma
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major identifying characteristic of CT that exists in the matrix as an unfinished form
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fibrous proteins
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the complete composite of cells and plasma
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whole blood (serum)
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how does centrifugal force affect a sample of blood in a test tube
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heavier material pulled toward outer end of tube
lighter material at end pointing toward inside of spinning circle |
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centrifuging a sample of blood causes separation into two distinct layers:
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formed elements and plasma
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percentage of blood that is formed elements
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hematocrit (HCT)
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formed elements are normally 99%:
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RBC
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what is blood composed of
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plasma and formed elements
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what percentage of blood is plasma
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50-65%
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what percentage of blood is formed elements
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35-50%
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portion of blood containing water, electrolytes, and proteins.
"little things" |
plasma
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portion of blood containing cells and platelets "big things"
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formed elements
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what is bloods extracellular matrix composed of
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ground substance and fibrous proteins
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HCT provides reasonable estimate of
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oxygen carrying capacity
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normal hematocrit number for females
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37-47
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normal hematocrit number for males
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42-52
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why are males hematocrit number higher than female
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female cant carry as much o2, men need more o2 bc more muscle mass
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hematopoietic stem cells (pluripotent or multipotent)
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cells have potential of taking on many fates in the body. listen to cell dividing signals and differentiation pathways.
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another name for RBC
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erythrocytes
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average HCT for men
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47
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average HCT for women
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42
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cells carry oxygen to bodys cells
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erythrocytes
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volume of HCT lower than normal, oxygen carrying capacity of blood is lower than normal indicates
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anemia
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vascular systems ability to stem the loss of blood from damaged blood vessels (coagulation)
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hemostasis
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blood clot inside the closed vascular system (stable) (attached to wall of vessel)
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thrombus
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blood clot moving through the vessels with the flow of blood
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thromboembolus
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collection of blood in a tissue giving it dark color is called
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ecchymosis (bruise)
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large collection of blood in an area causing it to appear red or swollen
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hematoma
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which pathway:
trauma ~ activation of VII/VIIa ~ activation of factor X |
extrinsic
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which pathway: intact uninjured vessels inside closed vascular system ~ series of chemical events involving many blood clotting factors
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intrinsic
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what do factor X and ca+ do in blood clotting
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convert prothrombin into thrombin
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what does thrombin do in blood clotting
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links together fibrinogen to form fibrin
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what is fibrin
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blood clot
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segment of the process shared by both versions of coagulation from activitation of factor x to final formation of fibers (blood clot)
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final common pathway
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can occur when thromboembolus blocks vessel in the brain
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stroke
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can degrade fibrin back into small soluble proteins
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plasmin
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plasmins inactive form existing in circulation
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plasminogen
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what enzyme converts plasminogen to plasmin
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tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
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administered to dissolve clot & restore blood flow to oxygen starved brain tissue or cardiac muscle
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tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
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hematopoietic stem cells that follow differentiation pathway mature into
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rbc, wbc, or platelet producing megakaryocyte
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process of producing blood cells
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hematopoiesis
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each hematopoietic cell begins its track by moving into 1 of 3 major lineages :
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erythroid
lymphoid myeloid |
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erythroid lineage produces
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red blood cells (erythrocytes)
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lymphoid line produces
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lymphocytes
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myeloid lineage produces
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all other cells emerge from various differentiation pathways in myeloid lineage
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life span of RBC
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90-120 days
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percent of RBC replaced each day
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1%
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how many times is RBC population replaced each year
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3-4
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does adult RBC contain nucleus
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no
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does immature erythrocyte contain nucleus
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yes
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2 advantages of RBC bionconcave shape
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flexibility & surface to volume ratio
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chemical mediator that montiors production of erythrocytes & adjusted for bodys response to bodys need for oxygen delivery
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erythropoietin (EPO)
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remainder of myeloid lines produce a variety of leukocytes (WBC) including all 3 types of:
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granulocytes
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process of releasing granule contents which occurs by exocytosis
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degranulation
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the granules in granulocyte group
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basophils
eosinophils neutrophils |
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system is a closed fluid filled system w/ a network of blood vessels and a pump. (the heart)
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cardiovascular system
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two lower chambers of heart that are pumping chambers
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ventricles
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which ventricle pumps blood through systemic circuit delivering oxygenated blood to all of bodys organs tissues and cells
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left ventricle
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pumps blood through pulmonary circuit, carrying blood to lungs.
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right ventricle
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each ventricle has _ valves
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2
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opens to arterial beginning of the circuit, into which ventricle pumps it blood
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semilunar valve
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separates the ventricle from atrium above it
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atrioventricular valve (AV)
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most impt function of cardiovascular system
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provide blood flow delivering oxygen to bodys cells
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valves not closing together in pairs
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gallop
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contraction of the heart
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systole
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if driving pressure increases flow will
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increase
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as resistance pressure increases flow will
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decrease
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top # of bp reading
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systolic
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bottom# of bp reading
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diastolic
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represents pressure in system when ventricles have just contracted & wave of fluid has been pushed into the arteries
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systolic
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represents pressure In system when ventricles are relaxed and fluid in arteries are at lowest pressure
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diastolic
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bp is product of what 3 component factors
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CO, SV, resistance
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SV (stroke volume)
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measure of volume (mL/beat)
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HR (heart rate)
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measure of time (beat/min)
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(SV x HR) equals
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CO cardiac output
L/minute |
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TPR
total peripheral resistance |
sum of all pressures that work against the heart
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CO vs TPR
or (SV x HR) vs TPR is formula for |
MAP
blood pressure |
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formula for blood flow (Q)
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pressure gradient over resistance
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combination of factors that work against blood flow
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resistance
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directs blood flow towards areas that need it /away from areas that dont
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resistance
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component factors that contribute to resistance
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distance, viscosity, turbulence, radius
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formula for resistance
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distance x viscosity x turbulence over radius to 4th power
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volume of fluid that fills right atrium prior to beginning of each heart beat
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preload
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increased ___ causes higher SV, CO, & better length tension relationship
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preload
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resistance pressure in entire arterial system
(pressure in aorta pushing back against closed semilunar valve) |
after load
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amount of blood ventricle pumps into arteries (SV) compared to total amount of blood in the ventricle at the beginning of its contraction (EDV) is
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ejection fraction
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build up of fats & cholesterol in artery walls
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atherosclerosis/cardiovascular disease
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dieases causes increased after load, overtime wearing out the heart
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atherosclerosis
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control is neural, uses lots of Atp, works by operating blood vessels
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short term mechanisms
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control is hormonal, adjusts fluid volume through reabsorption at kidney, less ATP
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long term mechanisms
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two types of cardiac cells
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myocardial and pacemaker
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action potential of myocardial cardiac cells involves
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Na++ spike
Ca++ plateau K+ repolarization |
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action potential of these cells possess on-off Ca++ channel and act as pace makers for whole mass of heart muscle
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pacemaker cardiac cells
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why is concentration of extracellular Ca++ critical to cardiac function
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cardiac muscle obtains most Ca++ through channels in cell membrane
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cardiac muscle function is ___
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spontaneous
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3 impt aspects of structure of cardiac muscle cells
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striated
branching intercalated discs |
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helps the mass of cardiac cell tissue to spread the wave of depolarization from cell to cell
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branching of cardiac muscle cells
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separate cells, the gap junctions connect cell to cell at these points and allow depolarization to spread from cell to cell
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intercalated discs
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fine lines that run transversely across cell, indicate overlap of actin and myosin filaments inside cell
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striations of cardiac muscle cells
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stretch sensitive nerve endings in walls of aorta & carotid send signals to brainstem when pressure is high stimulating depressor center
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baroreceptors
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sa node occurs at beginning of _ wave
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p
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av node event occurs at beginning of __
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QRS
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during p wave na+ and ca++ are flowing into ___ cells
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atrial
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during qrs the same ions are flowing into ____ cells
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ventricular
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during t wave k+ ions are flowing out of ____ cells
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ventricular
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name for RBC
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erythrocyte
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anemia where bone marrow fails to produce RBC. low hct
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aplastic anemia
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anemia body cant produce intrinsic factor, cant absorb B12, low hct
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pernicious anemia
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anemia cant make cells, low hct
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folic acid deficiency
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anemia cant make hemaglobin, normal hct but cells look small
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iron deficiency
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anemia error in gene for one of peptides in hemaglobin, cells look deformed, high hct
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sickle cell anemia
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anemia loss of rbc due to bleeding, normal-low hct (clump together cells have twisted shape)
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hypovolemic anemia
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anemia loss of RBC due to weak membranes (vit e deficiency or autoimmune) normal to high hct
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hemolytic anemia
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chemical signal mediates feedback control of production of erythrocytes
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erythroprotein
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cells detect if 02 content of blood is low
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interstitial cells (kidney cells)
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3 types of granulocytes
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eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils
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reddish granule increase during parisitic infections, detoxification process at site of some kinds of infection
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eosinophils
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dark granules secrete histamine found at infection sites
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basophils
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phagocytic, multi lobed nucleus, most abundance of WBC
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neutrophils
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2 types of agranulocytes
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monocytes and lymphocytes
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goes up during viral infection largest of circulating cells, take up long term residence in cells, longest life span
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monocytes
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2nd most abundant (t and b lymphocytes) nucleus fills cell
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lymphocytes
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t lymphocytes originate in
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thymus
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b lymphocytes originate in __ and makes antibodies
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bone marrows
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circulation of blood in the smallest blood vessels (exchanges and vessels can leak)
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microcirculation
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first branch of arteries that form off of the aorta
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coronary arteries
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provide blood to head with an internal branch to brain and external branch to the muscles and skin of the face
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carotids
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provides many branches to chest and each shoulder & carry blood to each arm
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subclavian
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supply blood to small and large intestines
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mesenteric arteries
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carry blood into each leg
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lilac arteries
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lilac artery crosses out of abdomen into leg at hip area
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femoral artery
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as lilac artery passes through knee
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popliteal artery
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2 largest veins draining blood from upper body and lower body
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superior and inferior vena cava
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drain blood from head amd have internal and external branches for the brain and face
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jugular veins
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blood from each arm drains into ____ and ____ veins
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radial and ulnar
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medulla is populated by
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macrophages
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cortex is populated by
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t lymphocytes
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cortical region of lymph nodes contain
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b lymphocytes
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bp lowering mechanism
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ANP
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the pump
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heart
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the container
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vessels
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the fluid
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blood volume
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thick band of muscle with lots of elastic connective tissue
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artery
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thinner with less elastic tissue
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vein
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deoxygenated blood from upper body returning to heart to be sent to lungs
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superior vena cava
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carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs
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r pulmonary arteries
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oxygenated blood to the bodys cells
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aorta
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pulmonary trunk branches to the lungs
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l pulmonary arteries
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freshly oxygenated blood return from lungs to left atrium
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left pulmonary veins
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controls ejection from left ventricle, blood going to body
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aortic semilunar valve
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controls ejection from right ventricle, blood going to lungs
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pulmonary semilunar valve
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controls blood flow between r atrium & ventricle
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right av valves
tricuspid |
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controls blood flow between left atrium and ventricle
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left av valve
bicuspid |
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prevent av valves from opening backward into atria when ventricles are contracting
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chordae tendinae
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prostaglandin on free nerve endings results in
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pain
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histamine on capillary endothelial cells results in
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swelling
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nitric oxide has effects on VSM of precapillary arterioles resulting in
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dilation (redness warmth)
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right ventricle does not have to be as muscular as left bc
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less resistance in pulmonary circuit
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wave shows depolarization of 2 atria
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p wave
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tracing produced by the movement of depolarization down central bundle pathway & then back up through ventricles as they also contract
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QRS
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tracing produced by repolarizatipn of ventricles
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t wave
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when pressure is low decreased blood flow to kidney triggers kidney cells to release
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renin
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_____ initiates production of angiotensin
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renin
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