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126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 main elements of CT
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Ground substance, fibers, reticular fibers
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ground substance
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fills space between cells
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3 types of fibers
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collagen, elastic, reticular
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collagen fibers
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form thick bundles, high tensile strength, stronger than steel
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elastic fibers
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long thin, branching, stretchable, made of elastin
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reticular fibers
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fine network of collagen fibers, surround small blood vessels
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blast / cyte
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immature / mature
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blast cells
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actively mitotic, secrete ground substance
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cyte cells
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maintain the health of the matrix but can revert back to blast cells to regenerate
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fibroblasts
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connective tissue proper
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chondroblasts
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cartilage
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osteoblasts
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bone
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connective tissue proper has 2 types of CT which are?
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loose CT, dense CT
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loose connective tissue has 3 types which are?
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areolar, adipose, reticular
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areolar
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gel-like matrix with WBC's and all 3 fibers
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adipose
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gel-like matrix with fat cells packed tightly
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reticular
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gel-like matrix with reticular fibers support WBC's
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Dense CT has 2 types
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dense regular / irregular
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dense regular
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packed bundles of collagen run parallel to direction of pull; very resistant; forms tendons and ligaments
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dense irregular
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collagen fiber bundles are thicker and arranged irregularly; in dermis of skin and GI tract
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Cartilage
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tough, flexible, avascular, 80% water, no nerve supply
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hyaline cartilage
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most abundant in the body, mostly collagen fibers, covers ends of bone to absorb compression also found in tip of nose
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fibrocartilage
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less firm than hyaline, absorbs compressive, resists tension and heavy pressure, forms the intervertebral discs
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elastic
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similar to hyaline but many more elastin fibers, found in pinna of ear and epiglottis
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epidermis
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outer protective layer, avascular
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dermis
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fibrous connective tissue; vascularised
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hypodermis
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below skin, mostly adipose and some areolar, function: fat storage, insulator, shock absorber, anchors skin to muscle
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keratinocytes
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waterproof, produces fibrous protein keratin, replaced every 25-45 days
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melanocytes
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deepest layer of epidermis, makes melanin
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langerhans cells
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macrophages, made for immunity
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merkel cells
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touch receptor
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laters of epidermis thin and thick (deep to superficial)
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stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidium, stratum corneum
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stratum basale
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deepest layer, single row
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stratum spinosum
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several layers, melanin granules, UV protection, langerhans cells
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stratum granulosum
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3-5 layers, keratin containing
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stratum lucidium
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absent in thin skin, few rows of clear dead flat keratinocytes
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stratum corneum
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20-30 cell layers thick, primary protection
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basal cell skin cancer
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99% cure rate rarely metastisizes
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temperature regulation
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below 90 degrees sweat glands secrete approx. .5L per day; above 90 blood vessels dilate and sweat glands increase activity, can leave 12L of sweat in 1 day
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exterorecepters respond to what?
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external stimuli
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excretion in skin
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sweat, ammonia, urca, uric acid
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detection of skin cancer
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ABCDE
Asymmetry, Border Irregularity, Colors, Diameter, Elevation |
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stages of melanoma
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0- curable top layer of epidermis
1- dermis invaded 2- tumor almost 4mm thick 3- lymph nodes and skin affected 4- metastisizes into lung, liver, brain |
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DNA bases purine and pyrimidine
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purine- A and G
pyrimidine- C and T |
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what is an oncogene
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cancer gene
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First degree burn
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red, pain, swelling and blisters 2-3 day repair
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second degree burn
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epidermis and upper dermis, 3-4 week repair
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third degree burn
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epidermis, dermis, often hypodermis, grafting necessary, can cause suffocation on face
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cold sores
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herpes symplex virus
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number of bones in human skeletan
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206
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long bones
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much longer than they are wide; arms, legs, fingers, toes
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short bones
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cube shaped; wrist, ankles
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flat bones
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thin, flat slightly curved; sternum, ribs, skull bones
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irregular bones
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complicated shapes; vertebrae, hip bones
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functions of bones
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support- frame
protection- organs movement- bones are lever mineral storage- maintains blood levels hematopoiesis |
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bones contain several differrent tissues which are...
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nervous tissue, cartilage, CT, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue
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diaphysis
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shaft, thick collar of compact bone
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epiphyses
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ends of bone, exterior is compact, interior is spongy bone
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epiphyseal line
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where bones lengthen before adulthood
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periosteum
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double layered membrane, covers surface of bone
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periosteum
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innervated, lymphatic supply, vascularized, attached to bone by sharpeys fibers
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sharpeys fibers
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collagen fibers, very dense at anchor points for tendons and ligaments
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endosteum
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delicate membrane, covers trabiculae, also contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts
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osteon
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rings of lamella
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bone growth requires what hormones
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T3, T4, sex hormones
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Bone maintenance how much is recycled every week
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5-7% of bone mass is recycled every week, spongy bone is replaced every 3-4 years, compact bone every 10 years
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non-displaced
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bones aligned
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displaced fracture
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bones out of alignment
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complete fracture
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bone broken through
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incomplete fracture
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part of bone is still connected
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linear orientation of break
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parallel to long axis
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transverse orientation of break
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perpendicular to long axis
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between lamellae ar cavities called...
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lacunae
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lacunae are connected by...
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canaliculi
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circumferential lamellae
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around the entire shaft
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trabeculae
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resist stress, bone running in different directions VERY STRONG
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hematopoietic tissue
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red blood cells made in red marrow
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compressed fx
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bone is crushed
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spiral fx
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ragged break due to excessive twisting
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epiphyseal fx
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seperates the epiphyses from the diaphyses
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depressed fx
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broken bone is pressed inwards -skull fx
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Greenstick fx
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bone breaks incompletely like a green stick
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osteomalacia
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soft bones
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rickets
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bones deform, legs bow
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osteoporosis
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bone mass reduced; spongy bone of spine is most vulnerable
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synarthroses
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immovable
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amphiarthroses
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slightly movable
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diarthroses
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freely movable joints; synovial joints
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fibrous
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immovable to slightly movable
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cartilaginous
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rigid/slightly movable
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synovial
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freely moving
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3 types of fibrous joints
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sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses
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sutures
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only skull bones
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syndesmoses
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bones connected by ligament, vary in length
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gomphoses
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peg in socket fibrous joint tooth in bony alveolar socket only
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2 types of cartiliginous joints
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synchondroses, symphyses
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synchonroses
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bone to bone joint (immovable) synarthrotic
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symphyses
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hyaline cartilage is fused to a pad of fibrocartilage; allows limited movement of joint
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4 types of synovial joints
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articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid; they are freely movable
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bursae
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flattened sacs
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tendon sheath
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elongated bursae that wraps completely around a tendon
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3 types of muscle
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skeletal, cardiac, smooth
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skeletal muscle
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made of several types of tissue
-muscle fibers -blood vessels -nerve fibers -connective tissue |
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epimysium
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covering that surrounds whole muscle
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fascicle
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a group of muscle fibers
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perimysium
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covering around fasicle
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muscle fiber
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muscle cells
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myofibrils
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contractile element of muscle cells
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striations
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made from repeating series of dark A bands, light I band
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endomysium
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CT that surrounds each muscle fiber
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H zone
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lighter stripe in middle of A band (relaxed muscles only)
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M line
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bisects H zone and A band
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Z disc
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bisects I band
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sarcomere
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region between z discs
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myofilaments
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thick filaments (myosin) thin filaments (actin)
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thick filaments
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form lenth of A band
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thin filaments
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form I band and extend into A band
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nebulin
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protein that forms Z discs, anchor thin filaments
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desmin
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fine protein strands that form M line
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myosin
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protien that makes up the thick filaments has 2 heads and long tail (2 twisted polypeptide chain)
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myosin heads
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link thick and thin filaments together
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thick filaments structure
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binding sites for actin and ATP
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thin filament structure
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in a relaxed muscle tropomyosin blocks active sites of actin
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troponin
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TnI- bonds actin
TnT- binds to tropomyosin and positions it on actin TnC- binds Calcium ions |
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum
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surrounds each myofibril
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T-tubule
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formed from SR; tubes taht wrap around each myofibril; conduct nerve impulses deep inside muscle cells
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