Anatomy Test 1

Front 1

homeostasis

Back 1

steady internal enviroment (inside and outside of cell)

Front 2

3 major components of homeostasis

Back 2

1. receptor
2. control center
3. effector

Front 3

negative feedback mechanism

Back 3

brings everything back to normal (feel hunger-->so that we eat)(hypothermal-- shiver, so we go back to being warm)

Front 4

positive feedback mechanism

Back 4

want to intensify the reaction
(ex: childbirth)--> signal goes through child to mother to begin contractions

Front 5

prone

Back 5

lying face down

Front 6

supine

Back 6

laying face up

Front 7

anterior

Back 7

closer to the front

Front 8

posterior

Back 8

closer to the back

Front 9

inferior

Back 9

away from the head

Front 10

superior

Back 10

toward the head

Front 11

proximal

Back 11

towards the trunk (limbs)

Front 12

distal

Back 12

farther from the attachment of a limb to trunk

Front 13

lateral

Back 13

farther from the midline

Front 14

medial

Back 14

closer to the midline

Front 15

sagittal plane

Back 15

vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sides (midsagittal ad parasagittal)

Front 16

midsagittal plane

Back 16

plane that divides the body into equal right and left sides

Front 17

parasagittal plane

Back 17

divides the body into unequal right and left sides

Front 18

frontal plane

Back 18

aka coronal plane:

divides the body, or an organ, into posterior and anterior parts

Front 19

transverse plane

Back 19

divides body, or an organ, into superior and inferior parts (aka cross-section or horizontal)

Front 20

oblique transverse plane

Back 20

on an angle (in between transverse and sagittal plane)

Front 21

body cavities

Back 21

spaces within the body that help protect, separate and support internal organs

Front 22

cranial body cavity contains..

Back 22

vertebral canal

Front 23

thoracic body cavity contains..

Back 23

1. plueral cavity: lungs
2. pericardial cavity: heart
3. mediastinum: between lungs

Front 24

abdominopelvic cavity contains..

Back 24

abdominal cavity: stomach, spleen, liver, etc
pelvic cavity: bladder, part of large intestine, internal reproductive organs

Front 25

viscera

Back 25

organs of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Front 26

serous membrane

Back 26

a thin, slippery membrane that covers the viscera

Front 27

2 parts of serous membrane

Back 27

1. parietal: lines the wall of the cavities
2. visceral pericardium: covers the viscera within cavities

Front 28

synovial cavities

Back 28

joints

Front 29

cytoplasm

Back 29

goop that organelles are suspended in

Front 30

nucleus

Back 30

control center or cell

sometimes cells lose the nucleus as they mature (red blood cells)

Front 31

integral proteins

Back 31

run into or through the lipid bilayer

Front 32

transmembrane proteins

Back 32

most integral proteins, span the entire lipid bilayer

Front 33

peripheral proteins

Back 33

attached to the inner or outer surface of the membrane, do not extend through it

Front 34

enzymes

Back 34

catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions

Front 35

diffusion moves from...

Back 35

high concentration to low concentration

Front 36

diffusion depends on

Back 36

-temperature (low temp = slow)
- surface area (bigger = faster)

Front 37

simple diffusion

Back 37

goes through membrane on it's own
(jumping out of window)

Front 38

channel-mediated facilitated diffusion

Back 38

goes through a pore thingie
(using an elevator)

Front 39

carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

Back 39

?

Front 40

isotonic solution

Back 40

same osmotic potential with inside of cell

there is movement of water, but it's net zero bc amount that goes in = amount that goes out

Front 41

hypotonic solution

Back 41

low osmotic potential compared to cytoplasmic potential
(hemolsis = cell drinks in water until it bursts)

Front 42

hypertonic solution

Back 42

high osmotic potential compared to cytoplasmic potential (crenation = cell loses water and shrinks until it dies)

Front 43

active transport

Back 43

solutes are moved across the membrane by expending ATP. can go from low to high cons using sodium potassium pump

Front 44

microfilaments

Back 44

made of actin (on periphery of cell)
ex: microvillus (absorbing and secreting)

Front 45

intermediate filaments

Back 45

thicker, more coated (are inside of cell)

Front 46

microtubules

Back 46

tubulin protein

form tubes that transport things across cell

Front 47

centrosome

Back 47

located near the nucleus, consists of 2 centrioles

Front 48

cilia

Back 48

short, hair-like projections from the cell's surface.
move fluids along a cell surface

Front 49

flagella

Back 49

longer than cilia & move an entire cell

sperm cell only

Front 50

where are cilia located?

Back 50

vas deferens, respiratory track, fallopian tubes

Front 51

ribosomes

Back 51

site of protein synthesis

Front 52

endoplasmic reticulum

Back 52

network of membranes in the shape of flattened tubes or sacs

Front 53

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Back 53

connected to the nuclear envelope, has ribosomes, produces various proteins

Front 54

smooth ER

Back 54

no ribosomes, makes fatty acids and steroids and detoxifies certain drugs.

entry and exit sides. entry by rough ER, proteins go through to exit.

Front 55

endoplasmic reticulum location

Back 55

in between nucleus and golgi apparatus

Front 56

polysomes

Back 56

groups of ribosomes in cytoplasm

-active in protein synthesis

Front 57

free ribosomes make protein for..

Back 57

..out of cell use

Front 58

ribosomes on rough ER make protein for..

Back 58

in cell or out of cell use

Front 59

golgi complex

Back 59

3-20 flattened membranous sacs called cisternae

-modify and sort and package proteins for transport
-proteins are transported by various vesicles

Front 60

lysosomes

Back 60

vesicles that contain powerful digestive enzymes

Front 61

mediastinum is _____, and contains

Back 61

space b/w lungs that contain trachea, thymus gland, and pericardial cavity

Front 62

pleural cavity contains

Back 62

lungs

Front 63

standard deviation

Back 63

An index of the amount of variability in a set of data.

Front 64

pelvic cavity contains

Back 64

urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction

Front 65

parietal membrane

Back 65

attached to body cavity

Front 66

visceral membrane

Back 66

attached to the organ

Front 67

organs

Back 67

composed of two or more different types of tissues

Front 68

system

Back 68

related organs with a common function

Front 69

six characteristics of life

Back 69

1. metabolism
2. growth
3. responsiveness
4. movement
5. differentiation
6. reproduction

Front 70

palpation

Back 70

gently touching body surfaces with hands

Front 71

auscultation

Back 71

listening to body sounds (stethoscope)

Front 72

percussion

Back 72

tapping on body surface with fingertips and listening to echoes

Front 73

4 types of tissues

Back 73

epithilial, muscular, connective, nervous

Front 74

metabolism

Back 74

sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body

Front 75

catabolism

Back 75

break down of complex chemicals into smaller ones

Front 76

anabolism

Back 76

build up of simple chemical compounds into bigger, more complex ones

Front 77

differentiation

Back 77

development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized structure

Front 78

synovial fluid

Back 78

in joints

Front 79

receptor (in homeostasis)

Back 79

body structure that monitors changes...
sends input to control center
(i.e. nerve endings on fingertips in response to temp. change)

Front 80

control center (in homeostasis)

Back 80

brain
evaluates input and sends output command
(brain receives nerve impulses from fingertips)

Front 81

effector (in homeostasis)

Back 81

receives output from control center
produces a response that changes the controlled condition
nearly every organ has this
(brain sends command to skeletal system to contract, so we shiver bc of cold that was picked up by fingertips)

Front 82

epidemiology

Back 82

occurances of diseases

Front 83

meninges

Back 83

layers of protective tissue that lines the cranial cavity and vertebral cavity

Front 84

viscera

Back 84

organs of the thoracic and abdominal pelvic cavities

Front 85

endocrine system

Back 85

secretes hormones

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands

Front 86

integumentary system

Back 86

=body covering
skin and accessory organs (hair nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands) protects underlying tissues and regulates body temp.

Front 87

lymphatic system

Back 87

lymph vessels, fluid, and nodes. thymus & spleen. defends body against infection & transports some of fluid from spaces within tissue.

Front 88

atomic # =

Back 88

protons in the nucleus

Front 89

mass # =

Back 89

p + n

Front 90

atomic mass unit

Back 90

dalton

Front 91

free radical

Back 91

an electrically charged atom or group
of atoms with an unpaired electron in its outermost shell

Front 92

law of conservation of energy

Back 92

energy in = energy out

Front 93

energy =

Back 93

the capacity to do work

Front 94

kinematic energy =

Back 94

the energy associated with matter in motion

Front 95

potential energy

Back 95

energy stored by matter due to its position

Front 96

exergonic reaction

Back 96

energy is released (bc bond that was broken had more energy than what was needed)

Front 97

endergonic reaction

Back 97

requires energy to happen (ATP)

Front 98

catalyst

Back 98

lowers the reaction energy needed to start a reaction

Front 99

solvent

Back 99

dissolves a solute

Front 100

heat capacity & vaporization of water

Back 100

both HIGH

Front 101

ph = 7 = ?
ph > 7 = ?
ph < 7 = ?

Back 101

neutral
alkaline
acidic

Front 102

polysaccardies

Back 102

largest carbs
(glycogen)

Front 103

lipid composition

Back 103

phosphate head (polar), nonpolar tails

Front 104

steroids include

Back 104

bile salts, sex hormones, cholesterol, some vitamins