Anatomy Lecture Test 1

Front 1

Plasma membrane structure, description

Back 1

double layer of phospholipids with proteins scattered withing the membrane; it is selectively permeable as determined by the size, charge, and solubility of the entering molecule.

Front 2

What can enter the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane?

Back 2

the phospolipid bilayer allows anthing fat-soluble to come into the cell. anything water-soluble is repelled.

Front 3

If substance is water soluble, how does it enter the cell?

Back 3

Things such as NaCl can enter the cell via protein channels. However, some very large molecules cannot get through based on size alone.

Front 4

Microvilli

Back 4

help to increase surface area. These are non-motile and are only found on certain cells.

Front 5

Cilia

Back 5

"eyelash"... motile; move substances over the surface of a stationary cell. These cause movement by continually bending/straigtening.

Front 6

Flagellum

Back 6

motile; longer than both cilia and microvilli. These are whip-like structres that move cells. Their purpose is to move; all cells with these have only one. Prime example: sperm

Front 7

Diffusion

Back 7

No energy expended by cell; some small materials may diffuse/pass through the cell membrane on their own. This is based on substances from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.

Front 8

Exocytosis

Back 8

process by which cellular matierals exit the cell. Materials are packaged within vesicles, which fuse with cell membrane and release the contents of the vesicle. ATP causes this vessicle to move.

Front 9

Endocytosis

Back 9

process by which materials are brought into the cell. Cellular membrane invaginated around material, fuses into a circle within a cell and becomes a vesicle within the cytoplasm.

Front 10

Phagocytosis

Back 10

"cellular eating;" ingestion of large particles (phag = to eat).

Front 11

Pinocytosis

Back 11

pin = drinking, "cellular sipping." Ingestion of fluid and some particles b cell. ATP used.

Front 12

Mitochondria

Back 12

creates ATP, is the powerhouse of the cell

Front 13

Ribosomes

Back 13

involved in protein synthesis; either free floating or attached to endoplasmic reticulum.

Front 14

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 14

A network of tubules used to transport and synthesize matierals.

Front 15

Rough ER

Back 15

Has ribosomes on the walls; transports proteins made by ribosomes

Front 16

Smooth ER

Back 16

has no ribosomes; synthesizes lipids, mainly steroids; detoxifies drugs and alcohol. Found mainly in the liver and the reproductive organs (steroids are sex hormones)

Front 17

Golgi Apparatus

Back 17

Several C-shaped sacs near the nucleus. Packages materials for secretion, forms lysosomes, and receives proteins from rER and modifies the proteins to be released from the cell.

Front 18

Lysosomes

Back 18

contain digestive enzymes. Eat things in the cell.

Front 19

Centrioles

Back 19

involved in cell division; migrate to either end of the cell during mitosis. They are made of tubes which eventually migrate out to become mitotic spindles. In order for a cell to divide, it needs mitotic spindles (hence, neurons, which lack these, do not multiply).

Front 20

DNA composition/Replication

Back 20

made of nucleotides (which consist of phosphate, sugar, and a base); double-helix in shape; replicate by unzipping to form two halves--free nucleotides will attach to these two halves and form two new identical strands.

Front 21

Mitosis: prophase

Back 21

Two chromatids joined by a centromere are pulled apart; spindle fibers extend from centrioles to chromatids; dissolution of the nuclear membrane and nucleolus--note this does not mean the complete disappearance of it, just a hiatus, as it is needed later as a building block.

Front 22

Mitosis: metaphase

Back 22

chromasomes align along center of cell.

Front 23

Mitosis: anaphase

Back 23

chromatids split apart at centromere; each set of chromatids pulled to opposite ends of the cell.

Front 24

Mitosis: Telophase

Back 24

cleavage furrow created; chromasomes uncoil; nuclear envelope and nucleolus reform; cytokinesis may or may not occur. If not, then the cell has two nuclei

Front 25

Cytokinesis

Back 25

the separation of the cytoplasm (the nucleus has already been separated).

Front 26

Mitosis

Back 26

produces two cells containing 46 chromosomes. Daughter cells are formed, which are identical to original cell; cells are diploid--they have 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs.

Front 27

Meiosis

Back 27

produces four cells containing only 23 chromosomes each. These cells have a haploid number of chromosomes (only one of each chromosome). Four cells are produced, each with 23 single chromosomes. These are haploid gametes. Unlikely that there will ever be identical haploid gametes.

Front 28

Meiosis process

Back 28

Starts off with a cell whose DNA was duplicated during interphase (specifically the S phase); two consecutive meiotic divisions.

Front 29

Meiosis: Prophase 1

Back 29

46-92 chromosomes; these form 23 tetrads (or groups of four)-- which is called synapsis. This did not happen during mitosis. Cross over also occurs

Front 30

Cross over

Back 30

process by which genetic material is exchanged between chromosomes

Front 31

Meiosis: Metaphase 1

Back 31

Tetrads line up in the middle of the cells.

Front 32

Meiosis: Anaphase 1

Back 32

Tetrads are pulled apart

Front 33

Meiosis: Telophase 1

Back 33

Chromosome pairs pulled to poles.

Front 34

Meiosis: Prophase 2

Back 34

No synapsis or cross over; spindle fibers appear

Front 35

Meiosis: Metaphase 2

Back 35

chromosome pairs line up at the middle.

Front 36

Meiosis: Anaphase 2

Back 36

Centromere is split and single chromosomes migrate to opposite poles

Front 37

Meiosis: Telophase 2

Back 37

The single chromosomes reach the poles

Front 38

Epithelia

Back 38

covers body/organ surfaces, lines body cavities and forms glands. All have a basement membrane. Very cellular; always has a free surface; avascular (without vessels)

Front 39

Simple Squamous Epithelia

Back 39

one layer of flattened cells; found lining the lumen (cavity) of blood vessels (endothelium), tiny air sacs of lungs, covers organs, and lines body cavities; functions as a rappid diffuser and filter.

Front 40

Simple Cuboidal Epithelia

Back 40

one layer of cube-shaped cells, aka Glandular; found lining the ducts and tubules of the body (eg salivary glands and kidneys).. have many ducts ("gardne hoses") and tubules ("fire hoses"). Function in secretion and absorption.

Front 41

Simple columnar epithelia

Back 41

one layer of tall, rectangular-shaped cells, may have microvilli, goblet cells, or cilia; found lining most of the GI tract; function in secretion of enzymes or mucus and the absorption of nutrients.

Front 42

Pseudostratified Columnar epithelia

Back 42

one layer of columnar or irregularly shaped cells. some kinds have cilia and goblet cells. found lining the trachea and bronchi; function in protecting by way of removal of dirt-laden mucus and secretion of mucus, which is moved upward against gravity.

Front 43

Stratified squamous epithelia

Back 43

upper layers of cells are flattened, lower layers appear cuboidal. The deepest layers are mitotic and either keratinized or non-keratinized

Front 44

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Back 44

contains keratin, most superficial layers are dead cells (like in skin); found in the epidermis and function in protection (is a barrier and is NOt ciliated).

Front 45

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelia

Back 45

most superficial layers are alive and kept moist. found lining the nasal and oral cavities, the pharynx, vagina, and lower part of the anal canal. funtions as a protectant barrier.

Front 46

Transitional epithelia

Back 46

some cells are binucleated; surface cells may be dome shaped or flattened. found in most of the urinary tract and withstands distension (or stretching) and relaxing of the bladder.

Front 47

Glandular epithelia

Back 47

specialized tissues that have excretory functions; excretes to a free surface.

Front 48

Unicellular tissue of exocrine glands

Back 48

often have goblet cells, which are modified columnar cells that secrete mucus; found in the respiratory and digestive systems; function to secrete mucus.

Front 49

Multicellular tissues of the exocrine glands

Back 49

secrete materials through a duct, which is a tubular passageway that allows secretion to come to the surface.

Front 50

Merocrine glands

Back 50

secrete a watery fluid through the cell membrane (continuously, not just all at once--like saliva)

Front 51

Apocrine glands (APO = a portion of)

Back 51

top part of the cell is pinched off, it bcomes the secretion.. example: mammary glands

Front 52

Holocrine gland (holistic = whole)

Back 52

entire cell is released and it ruptures and dies. one example is a sebaceous gland.

Front 53

Connective tissue

Back 53

binds, supports, and protects other tissues and organs; derived from mesenchymes (or embryonic connective tissue, aka stem cells). Consists of cells (no free surface), matrix (the nonliving material surrounding cells made of fibers and a ground substance), and it varies in vascularity.

Front 54

Fibers

Back 54

protein; these connet the cells in the tissues to one another. Are either collagen, elastin, or reticular.

Front 55

Areolar Connective tissue

Back 55

contains fibrolasts, which are many irregularly arraged fibers--very vascular; found surrounding the nerves, muscles, and some organs. This is a ubiquitous tissue, as it is found almost everywhere in the body. Functions in packaging and building material.

Front 56

Adipose Tissue

Back 56

contains adipocytes; found primarily in the hypodermis of the skin; functions as an energy source (2 times as much as carbs), insulation against temperature changes, and protection (absorbs shock)

Front 57

Dense irregular connective tissue

Back 57

very vascular; contains fibrolasts; proteins fibers found within are irregularly arranged; foun in the dermis of the skin; provides strength and support (resists tension)--with increased proteins and fibers comes increased strength.

Front 58

Dense Regular Connective tissue

Back 58

contains fibrolasts; protein fibers are arranged in parallel bundles. poorly vascularized, but very organized. found in the tendons (muscle to bone) and ligaments (bone to bone); provides very strong support and resists tension.

Front 59

Cartilage

Back 59

semisolid matrix; avascular (to form them, though, some blood vessels are needed; once formed they are no longer needed); flexible; heals slowly; cells are chondroblasts and chondrocytes; cells in lacunae (cell sits in these)

Front 60

Hyaline Cartilage

Back 60

clear-filled with hundreds of tiny fibers, but do not show up on light microscope. matrix contains very fine collagen fibers; found on articular surfaces, nasal septum, and fetal skeleton--even after birth this remains for some time. functions in support.

Front 61

Fibrocartilage

Back 61

matrix contains thick collagen fibers; found in intervertebral disks, the symphis pubis (area between hip bones), and menisca of the knee; functions in support and withstands compression--can be compressed and then spring back to normal thickness.

Front 62

Elastic cartilage

Back 62

matrix contains numerous elastic fibers; found in the outer ear, larynx (voice box), and epiglottis; funtions in flexibility and strength.

Front 63

Bone (osseous connective tissue)

Back 63

matrix is rigid; three kinds of cells found here: osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Can either be spongy or compact.

Front 64

Spongy bone

Back 64

"canellons"... inner lattice-work of bone; hemopoeitic (manufacturing blood cells) tissue found within the spaces of the bone.

Front 65

Vascular Connective Tissue (Blood)

Back 65

Contains blood cells (or formed elements) and a liquid matrix called plasma (the abundancy of which is based upon fluid intake). Functions in transport (of oxygen primarily).

Front 66

Smooth Muscle Tissue

Back 66

"visceral," found in the walls of hollow organs; spindle-shaped cells; one centrally located nucleus.

Front 67

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Back 67

Short, cylindrical cells; some cells are bifurcated; has either one or two centrally located nuclei; only tissue in the body that contains intercalated discs (which function in holding the muscle together; always stains darker than striations).

Front 68

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Back 68

attaches to the skeletal bones. They have long, cylindrical cells; multinucleated; striated; nuclei located at the periphery of the cell.

Front 69

Nervous Tissue

Back 69

makes up the nervous system; there are two types: neurons (highly branced and generate and conduct nerve impulses) and the supporting cells (neuroglia--or glia, for glue) that support, protect, and nouris neurons.

Front 70

Integumentary system

Back 70

skin, exocrine glands, hair, nails, associated blood vessels, associated nerves... covers the entire body and is an organ, the largest at that.

Front 71

Epidermis

Back 71

outer layer of the skin; composed of keratinized stratified squamous epitherlium; avascular; thick skin has five layers while thin has four.

Front 72

Dermis

Back 72

middle layer; composed of dense irregular connective tissue; contains nerve endings, hair follicles, and glands; dermal papillae (elevations of the tissue): prosections of the dermis into the epidermis... holds the epidermis in place.

Front 73

Hypodermis (superficial fascia)

Back 73

deepest layer; stores fat and anchors layers to other tissues- like muscle or bone. composed of areolar connective tissue and adipse connective tissue.

Front 74

Stratum Basale

Back 74

a single layer of columnar/cuboidal cells resting on the basement membrane; these cells are very mitotic.

Front 75

Stratum spinosum

Back 75

several layers of polygonal-shaped cells with spines -just superficial to the stratum basale.

Front 76

Stratum granulosum

Back 76

three to five layers of flattened cells with visible granules; cells undergo keratinization here.

Front 77

Keratinization

Back 77

the process by which the nucleus shrivels up, cell dies, and cell fills up with the protein keratin, a flat sheet of protein.

Front 78

Stratum lucidum

Back 78

two to three layers of dead, anucleated, clear cells; only found in thick skin (lucid - clear)

Front 79

stratum corneum

Back 79

20-30 layers of dead, anucleated cells (cornified = brittle, hardened); outer cells are continually shed.

Front 80

Keratinocytes

Back 80

the squamous epithelial cells; most numerous at 90%; found in all layers, producing keratin.

Front 81

Melanocytes

Back 81

second most numerous at 8%; found only in the stratume basale; produce melanin, a pigmental protein; provides protection against UV light.

Front 82

Merkel Cells

Back 82

third most numerous at 1%; found only in the stratum basale; provide information regarding tactile (light touch) sensation- is a sensory receptor.

Front 83

Langerhans cells

Back 83

fourth most numerous at less than 1%; found primarily in the stratum spinosum and are phagocitic in nature.

Front 84

Papillary layer

Back 84

uppermost layer of the dermis; composed of dermal papillae; cotains blood vessels (capillaries); sensory receptors (neurons); poertions of ducts of glands and portions of hair shafts. Sensitive to light touch, pain, heat, and cold.

Front 85

Reticular layer

Back 85

deepest layer of the dermis; contains blood vessels, sensory receptors (sensitive to deep touch and pressures), secretory portions of glands (eg sweat glands), hair follicles (cells that make hair).

Front 86

Hair

Back 86

derived out of the epidermis; has three parts, a bulb, root, and shaft; has arrector pili muscle (made from smooth muscle) that will often contract when body is under stress, forming goosebumps; functions to protect from UV light, trauma, and heat loss.

Front 87

Nails

Back 87

formed from stratum corneum; functions are support and grasping ability.

Front 88

Sebaceous glands

Back 88

oil = sebum; epidermal cells have dove down to dermis to create these. Associated with hair follicles. Function in lubrication and bactericidal activities (as they are acidic they can kill many forms of bacteria).

Front 89

Eccrin glands

Back 89

a type of sweat gland that typically has no smell and is found everywhere releasing perspiration.

Front 90

Apocrine gland

Back 90

a tye of sweat gland that has a thicker sweat and whose function is mainly to cool. found in the axillary and pubic regions; secretes sweat into hair shafts; releases an odiferous secretion (the sweat smells)... this is most likely a chemical attractant.

Front 91

Ceruminous gland

Back 91

cerumen = ear wax; modified sweat glands in external auditory canals, which is the only place you will find this sort of sweat gland. This sort of excretion is an insect repellant and is waterproofing agent to keep our ear canal moist.