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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Fibrous |
Occurs when bones are held together by dense regular connective tissue |
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Cartilaginous |
Occurs when a cartilage joins the bones |
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Synovial |
Occurs when the bones are enclosed within a capsule, the bones are joined by various ligaments, and has a fluid filled synovial cavity. |
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Synarthroses |
Immovable |
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Amphiarthroses |
Partly movable |
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Diarthroses |
Freely movable |
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Planar Joint |
When flat surfaces glide across one another- intercarpal and intertarsal joints, also clavicle and scapula |
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Hinge Joint |
Allows for motion in one plane- elbow joint |
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Pivot Joint |
Allows for rotational movement- atlanto-axial Joint (head of radius and radial notch of ulna) also the neck. |
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Condyloid |
Similar to ball and socket, but significant rotation is not allowed- metacarpal-phalangeal Joint, wrist Joint |
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Saddle |
Allows for all motion except rotation- joint between trapezium-thumb (first metacarpal) Joint |
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Ball-and-socket |
Allows motions in all directions- joint between head of femur and acetabulum of hip bone |
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Function of Synovial Fluid |
-Lubrication -reduce friction between structures -supply nutrients -Remove waste products -phagocytosis of microbes and debris |
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Synovial fluid |
Consists of Hyaluronic acid and interstitial fluid from plasma -Synovial joints are lined with membranes called synovial membranes that secrete synovial fluid into joint |
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Factors that affect movement of synovial joints |
-structure and shape of bones -strength and tension of ligaments -arrangements and tension of muscles -opposing soft parts -hormones -disuse -range of motion |
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Pronation |
Rotation of the hand and forearm so that the palm faces backward or downwards Ex: radioulnar joint |
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Supination |
Rotation of the hand and forearm so that the palm faces forward or upward Ex: radioulnar Joint |
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Circumduction |
Combination of flexion, extension, addiction and abduction Ex: shoulder joint, hip joint |
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Dorsiflexion |
Flexion in a dorsal direction especially flexion of the foot in an upward direction Ex: ankle joint |
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Plantar flexion |
Movement of the foot in which the foot or toes flex downward toward the side Ex: ankle joint |
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Rotation |
Rotation of head Lateral rotation (arm to the side) Medial rotation (bring arm back) Ex: Atlanto-axial Joint, shoulder joint |
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Abduction |
The movement of a limb away from the midline of the body Ex: metacarpophalangeal Joint of the fingers (not thumb) |
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Adduction |
Movement of a limb toward the midline Ex: shoulder joint |
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Protraction |
Movement of a body part in the posterior direction, being drawn backwards Ex: tempomandibular Joint |
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Retraction |
Movement of a body part in the posterior direction, being drawn backwards Ex: tempomandibular Joint |
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Skeletal Muscle Tissue |
Striated, tubular, multinucleated fibers. Usually attached to skeleton and is voluntary. |
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Cardiac Muscle Tissue |
Has striated, branched, uninucleaded fibers. Occurs in the heart wall and it’s involuntary |
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Smooth Muscle Tissue |
Spindled shaped, non striated uninucleaded fibers. Occurs in walls of internal organs, no sarcomeres and involuntary |
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Epimysium |
Outer most layer |
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Perimysium |
Surrounds bundles of muscle fibers |
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Endomysium |
Separates muscle fibers from each other |
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Fascicles |
Compartments that contain bundles of muscle cells |
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Sarcomeres |
-fundamental unit of muscle structure -2 primary components: -thin filaments with two strands of actin -think filaments made of myosin |
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A band |
Region where thick filaments are present, having alternate actin and myosin filaments |
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I band |
Two regions where only thin filaments are exclusively present |
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H zone |
Region where only thick filaments are present |
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Z line |
Boundaries between adjacent sarcomeres |
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Sarcolemma |
Plasma membrane of muscle fiber- surround muscle fiber and regulates entry and exit of materials |
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum |
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum of muscle fiber- stores calcium ions needed for muscle contraction |
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Transverse tubules |
Tubular extensions of the sarcolemma into the sarcoplasm, contacting the terminal cisternae; wrapped around myofibrils- it quickly transports a muscle impulse from the sarcolemma throughout the entire muscle fiber |
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Terminal cisterna |
Expanded ends of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that are in contact with transverse tubules- site of calcium ions release to promote muscle contraction |
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Motor end plate |
Flattened end of a motor neuron that transmits neural impulses to muscle |
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Synaptic cleff |
Tiny opening between neurons |
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Filament theory of muscle contraction |
Muscle cells is stimulated by the neurorn Ca++ is released from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum into the sarcoplasm Actin and Myosin filament interact Myosin pulls the thin filaments to wards the center- shortening the sarcomere |
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Motor unit |
single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it stimulates. Larger motor unit is required for forceful movements Small motor unit are for muscles that require fine control |
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Acetylcholine |
A neurotransmitter called acetylcholine, binds to receptors on the outside of the muscle fiber, triggers the skeletal muscle contraction. |
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Intercalated discs |
Intercalated discs contains gap junctions and desmosomes in cardiac muscles |
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Smooth muscle cells |
Smooth muscle cells have the greatest ability to regenerate. |
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Muscle Groups Hamstring |
Muscle Groups Hamstring Biceps femoris Semitendinosis Semimembranosus Abdominal Rectus abdominis External oblique Internal oblique Transverse abdominis |
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Arrangement of fascicle |
Arrangement of fascicle Pennate muscles usually have good power Parallel muscles usually have good range of motion |
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Ways in which muscles are named |
Muscle are named after the parts of origin and insertion. Action and direction of the muscle fibers can also be the other factors. |
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Lever systems |
Class 1 has the fulcrum placed between the effort and the load Class 2 has the load in between the effort and the fulcrum Class 3 has the effort between the load and the fulcrum Most skeletal muscles of the body act in the third class lever systems |
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3 main parts of cardiovascular system |
Blood Transportation: gases, nutrients and wastes, and hormones Regulation: pH, body temperature, Osmotic pressure Protection: Clotting, phagocytic WBCs . Heart Pumps oxygenated and deoxygenated blood throughout the body Blood Vessels Regulation of blood pressure for arterioles » Allows exchange of nutrients and waste between the blood and tissues for capillaries Immune response for Venules |
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Physiological range for pH for blood |
between 7.35- 7.45 |
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The major components of blood |
The major components of blood are Plasma, Red blood cells, White blood cells and platelets. » Hemopoiesis or Hematopoiesis is the formation of blood cellular components which mainly occurs in the bone marrow > Hemopoietic growth factors are Erythropoietin, Thrombopoietin and colony stimulating factors » Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein |
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Red blood cell |
Red Blood Cel Concaved disk with no nucleus or organells It carries oxygen from the lungs to the body tissue, and carbon dioxide as the waste product. Life span of 120 days 38-46 in females, 40-54 in males RBC make up about 45 % of blood » Hemoglobin is responsible for the red color of RBCs > RBCs produce the energy carrier ATP by glycolysis Insulin hormone is being used to stimulate glycolysis |
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Leukocytes Neutrophils |
Leukocytes Neutrophils first cells of immune system response (Half of WBCs) Lymphocytes - B-lymphocytes produces antibodies that remembers the infection, Tlymphocytes directly killing many foreign invaders. Monocytes - Migrate into tissues and clean up dead cells Eosinophil - Allergy response Basophils - releases histamine ( 1 % of WBCs |
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Thrombocytes |
Thrombocytes is proper for mononuclear cells found in the blood. They are the functional equivalent of platelets, but circulate as intact cells rather than cytoplasmic fragments of bone marrow megakaryocytes Platelets are responsible to stop the bleeding in the body and secrete procoagulants to promote blood clotting |
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Vessels that supply blood to the right atrium |
Superior and inferior vena cava supplies blood to the right atrium |
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Function of coronary arteries |
Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle. It is wrapped around the heart. |
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Pectinate muscle |
Pectinate muscle - parallel ridges in the walls of the atria of the heart |
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Chordae tendoneae |
Chordae tendoneae: group of tough, tendinous strands in the heart and holds the atrioventricular valve |
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Papillary muscle |
Papillary muscle - attached to the cups of the atrioventricular valves via the cordae tendineae. It contracts to prevent inversion or prolapse of these valves on systole |
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Layers of the heart wall |
The heart walls has 3 layers: epicardium, myocardium and endocaridum The pericardium is the fibrous sac that surrounds the heart. It can be divided into three layers, the fibrous pericardium, the parietal pericardium, and the visceral pericardium The visceral layer of the serous pericardium (epicardium) is both a part of the pericardium and a part of the heart wall. |
