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14 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Contrast the speed and duration of effects of the endocrine and nervous system.
The endocrine system and nervous system have different jobs and take different amounts of time to do their job. The endocrine system takes a long time for it to do its job and it releases hormones for processes such as growth, and reproduction. The nervous system on the other hand has a fast reaction and it does this by the brain sending messages to various parts of the body in response to a stimulus outside the body.
Classify hormones by where they are produced and their side effects.
Growth hormone (GH) is a general metabolic hormone. It is found in the pituitary gland and its major effects are directed to the growth of skeletal muscles and long bones of the body. It plays an important role in determining body size.

Prolactin (PRL) is a protein hormone structurally similar to growth hormone. It's only known target in humans is the breast. It stimulates and maintains milk production by the mother's breasts after childbirth.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) regulates the endocrine cavity of the cortex portion of the adrenal gland.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotropic hormone (TH) influences growth and activity of the thyroid gland.

Gonadotropic hormones regulate the hormonal activity of the gonads (ovaries and testes).

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates the follicle development in the ovaries.

Leutinizing hormone (LH) triggers ovulation of an egg from the ovary and causes the ruptured follicle to produce progesterone and some estrogen.

Thyroid Gland:
Thyroid hormone is the body's major meetabolic hormone that is composed of 2 active iodine-containing hormones, thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothryonine (T3).

Sex hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex throughout life in relatively small amounts.

Adrenal medulla is produced from a knot of nervous tissue. When the medulla is stimulated by sympathetic nervous system neurons, its cells release two similar hormones, epinephrine or adrenaline and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) into the bloodstream. They are refered to as catecholamines.

Insulin and glucagon are produced by the islet cells in the pancreas.
Explain how hormones can be produced in one part of the body and affect another part.
Hormones can be made in one part but affect another because the hormones are released into the blood stream where they go to other parts of the body to carry out tasks.
Differentiate the subdivisions of the nervous system (CNS & PNS, ANS & SNS & ENS).
CNS, central nervous system, controls the brain and the spinal cord. This is where all processing in the nervous system takes place while the PNS, peripheral nervous system, are the nerves that connect to the CNS. PNS is a collection of neurons and their processes which relay information from the periphery to the CNS, in which case they are afferent or sensory; or from the CNS to the periphery, in which case they are efferent or motor.

ANS is the part of the nervous system of vertebrae that controls involuntary actions of the smooth muscles and heart and glands. SNS, sympathetic nervous system, originates in the thoracic regions of the spinal cord; opposes physiological effects of the parasympathetic: reduces digestive secretions; speeds the heart; contracts blood vessels. ENS, enteric nervous system, is a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) that directly controls the gastrointestinal system in vertebrates.
Label the parts of a neuron.
A typical neuron is divided into three parts: the soma or cell body, dendrites, and axon. The soma is usually compact; the axon and dendrites are filaments that extrude from it. Dendrites typically branch profusely, getting thinner with each branching, and extending their farthest branches a few hundred micrometres from the soma. The axon leaves the soma at a swelling called the axon hillock, and can extend for great distances, giving rise to hundreds of branches. Unlike dendrites, an axon usually maintains the same diameter as it extends. The soma may give rise to numerous dendrites, but never to more than one axon. Synaptic signals from other neurons are received by the soma and dendrites; signals to other neurons are transmitted by the axon. A typical synapse, then, is a contact between the axon of one neuron and a dendrite or soma of another. Synaptic signals may be excitatory or inhibitory.
Explain the events that occur during synaptic transmission.
First, the neurotransmitter must be synthesized and stored in vesicles so that when an action potential arrives at the nerve ending, the cell is ready to pass it along to the next neuron. Next, when an action potential does arrive at the terminal, the neurotransmitter must be quickly and efficiently released from the terminal and into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitter must then be recognized by selective receptors on the postsynaptic cell so that it can pass along the signal and initiate another action potential. Or, in some cases, the receptors act to block the signals of other neurons also connecting to that postsynaptic neuron. After its recognition by the receptor, the neurotransmitter must be inactivated so that it does not continually occupy the receptor sites of the postsynaptic cell. Inactivation of the neurotransmitter avoids constant stimulation of the postsynaptic cell, while at the same time freeing up the receptor sites so that they can receive additional neurotransmitter molecules, should another action potential arrive.
Describe how a nerve impulse is generated and conducted.
Nerve impulses have a domino effect. Each neuron receives an impulse and must pass it on to the next neuron and make sure the correct impulse continues on its path. Through a chain of chemical events, the dendrites (part of a neuron) pick up an impulse that's shuttled through the axon and transmitted to the next neuron. The entire impulse passes through a neuron in about seven milliseconds — faster than a lightning strike. The first step is polarization of the neuron's membrane: Sodium is on the outside, and potassium is on the inside. The next step is the resting potential gives the neuron a break. After that, action potential occurs which is where sodium ions move inside the membrane. Then, repolarization: Potassium ions move outside, and sodium ions stay inside the membrane. The fifth step is hyperpolarization: More potassium ions are on the outside than there are sodium ions on the inside. The last step is when the refractory period puts everything back to normal: Potassium returns inside, sodium returns outside.
Describe the structure and function of the brain and spinal cord.
The brain is made of three main parts: the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain consists of the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus (part of the limbic system). The midbrain consists of the tectum and tegmentum. The hindbrain is made of the cerebellum, pons and medulla. Often the midbrain, pons, and medulla are referred to together as the brainstem. The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum where it is continuous with the medulla to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebrae. It is a vital link between the brain and the body, and from the body to the brain. The spinal cord is 40 to 50 cm long and 1 cm to 1.5 cm in diameter. Two consecutive rows of nerve roots emerge on each of its sides. These nerve roots join distally to form 31 pairs of spinal nerves. The spinal cord is a cylindrical structure of nervous tissue composed of white and gray matter, is uniformly organized and is divided into four regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral, each of which is comprised of several segments. The spinal nerve contains motor and sensory nerve fibers to and from all parts of the body.
Trace the pathway of a spinal reflex.
A spinal reflex is an automatic, rapid response to a stimulus. The action is involuntary and occurs without any involvement of thought or the brain. In humans, this action occurs through a neural pathway called the reflex arc. To allow reflexes to occur very quickly, signals come directly from motor neurons in the spine, instead of being delayed by going through the brain.
Compare and contrast the stimuli and responses of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
The parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) is one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The ANS is responsible for regulation of internal organs and glands, which occurs unconsciously. To be specific, the parasympathetic system is responsible for stimulation of "rest-and-digest" activities that occur when the body is at rest, including sexual arousal, salivation, lacrimation (tears), urination, digestion, and defecation. Its action is described as being complementary to that of one of the other main branches of the ANS, the sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for stimulating activities associated with the fight-or-flight response. The sympathetic division typically functions in actions requiring quick responses.
Classify senses as general or special.
Touch is a mixture of general senses that consist of temperature, pressure, and pain receptors as well as the pain receptors of the skin and proprioceptors of muscles and joints. Small, taste, sight and hearing are all classified as special senses.
Identify how each special senses meet the 4 conditions for sensation to occur.
Each sense meets the four conditions because they all include a stimulus, sensory receptor, condiction, and integration.
Evaluate how aging affects each body system.
Aging affects a body system because it causes the system to become worn down and it reduces its functions.
Identify the 11 body systems.
Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic & immune, respiratory, reproductive, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, digestive, and urinary.