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111 Cards in this Set
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Anatomy
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studies the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another
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study of...
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Physiology
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The function of the body, in other words, how the body parts work and carry out their life sustaining activities.
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function..
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Gross Anatomy/regional Anatomy
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study of all structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves...) in a particular region of the body, such as abdomen or leg, examined at the same time.
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region.
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Systematic anatomy
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body structure is studied system by system. Ex. When studying the cardiovascular system, you would examine the heart and blood vessels of the entire body.
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systems
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Surface Anatomy
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The study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface. ex bulging muscles beneath a body builders skin and clinicians use it locate appropriate blood vessels in which to feel pulse or draw blood.
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internal structures
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Microscopic Anatomy
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structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye.
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small
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Cytology
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cells of the body
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cell
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Histology
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The study of tissues
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tissue
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Developmental Anatomy
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traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span.
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whole life
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Embryology
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a subdivision of developmental Anatomy, concerns developmental changes that occur before birth.
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Before birth
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Renal Physiology
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concerns kidney function and urine production.
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Neurophysiology
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explains the workings of the nervous system.
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Cardiovascular physiology
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examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels.
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Chemical level
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atoms, tiny building blocks of matter, combine to form molecules such as water and proteins.
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atoms
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Cellular level
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cells have some common functions, but individual cells vary widely in size and shape, reflecting their unique functions in the body.
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individual cells
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Tissue level
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tissues are similar cells that have a common function. ex. 4 types of tissues.
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What are the 4 basic types of tissue types in the human body?
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epithelium, muscle, connective tissue, and nervous tissue.
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Organ level
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extremely complex functions become possible. ex the stomach is lined with epithelium that produces digestive juices. The bulk of the wall is muscle, which churns and mixes stomach contents (food). it's connective tissue reinforce the soft muscular walls. nerve fibers increase digestive activity by stimulating the muscle to contract more vigorously and secrete gastric juices.
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Organ System level
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organs work together to accomplish a common purpose make up this.
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Organismal level
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sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive.
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metabolism
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"a state of change" broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells. ex breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks (catabolism)
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Exctetion
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process of removing wastes, or excetra, from the body. The body must get rid of non useful substances produced during digestion and metabolism.
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Reproduction
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occurs at the cellular and the organismal level. cellular reproduction - original cell divides, producing two identical daughter cells that may then be used for body growth or repair. reproduction of the human organism or making a whole new person is a major task of the reproductive system.
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Water
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60-80% of our body weight and is the single most abundant chemical substance in the body.
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Homeostasis
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The ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously.
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Receptor
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monitors the environment and responds to changes called stimuli by sending information to the 2nd component, the control center.
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Control center
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determines the set point, which is the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained. analyzes input it receives and determines appropriate response or course of action.
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Efferent
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provides the means for the control center's response (output) to the stimulus.
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Afferent pathway
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approaches the control center.
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Efferent pathway
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exiting the control center.
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Negative feedback mechanism
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These are most homeostatic control mechanisms. These systems, the output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces it's intensity. ex. These mechanism cause the variable to change in a direction opposite to that of the initial change, returning it to its "ideal" value. thus making the name "negative" feedback mechanism.
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Positive feedback mechanism
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result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated. This feedback mechanism is positive because the change that results proceeds in the same direction as the initial change, causing the variable to deviate further from its original value or range.
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Homeostatic imbalance
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a disease can be regarded as a result of its disturbance. ex as we age our body's control systems become less and less stable. These events increase our risk for illness and produce the changes we associate with aging.
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Anatomical position
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body is erect with feet slightly apart with palms facing forward and thumbs point away from the body.
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Axial part
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main axis of our body, includes the head, neck, and trunk.
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Appendicular part
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consists of the appendages, or limbs, which are attached to the body's axis.
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Superior (cranial)
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Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body: above
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The head is superior to the abdomen
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Inferior (caudal)
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Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body: below
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The navel is inferior to the chin
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Ventral (anterior)
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toward or at the front of the body: in front of.
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The breastbone is anterior to the spine.
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Dorsal (posterior)
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toward or at the back of the body: behind
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The heart is posterior to the breastbone
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Medial
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Toward or at the midline of the body
:on the inner side of. |
The heart is medial to the arm
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Lateral
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away from the midline of the body:on the outer side of
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The arms are lateral to the chest.
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chemical level
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simplest level of the structural hierarchy. tiny building blocks of matter, combine to form molecules such as water and proteins.
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cellular level
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cells are the smallest units of living things
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positive feedback loop
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blood clot seals a tear in a damaged blood vessel. I.e. blood clotting is a normal response to a break in the wall of a blood vessel and is an excellent example of an important body function controlled by positive feedback.
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histology
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requires magnification to study
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Microscopic Anatomy
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deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye. Such studies, exceedingly thin slices under the microsope.
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chemical level
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Interactions among molecules such as water, DNA, and proteins.
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A serosa or serous membrane can be found within which one of the following body cavities?
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ventral body cavity
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Dorsal cavity contains..
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2 subdivisions, the cranial cavity, that encases the brain. The vertebral cavity or spinal cavity, that encases the delicate spinal cord.
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The abdominal regions that are lateral to the epigastric region are...
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Right and left hypochondriac
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The ventral body cavity is subdivided into which sets of cavities?
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The thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
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receptor (sensor)
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monitors change in environment
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example of negative feedback system
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regulation of body temperature
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The median or midsagittal plane...
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divides the body into left and right parts along the midline.
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The parietal pleura
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lines the thoracic cavity.
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effector
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provides the means to respond to stimulus.
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An example of a regulated variable...
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temperature
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This contains the bladder and rectum
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pelvic cavity
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control center
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determines the set point and appropriate system response.
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Visceral peritoneum
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covers most organs in the abdominopelvic cavity.
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thoracic cavity
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contains the lungs and heart.
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abdominal cavity
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contains the stomach, intestine, and spleen.
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frontal plane
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Is the plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
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The oral cavity contains the..
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teeth and tongue.
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The body cavity that houses the lungs are known as..
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pleural cavity
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a sagittal plane...
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Is a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left planes.
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Blood flows in one direction through the heart because the heart has valves that prevent backflow. The phenomenon exemplifies...
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The principle of complementary of structure and function.
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contains the pituitary and thyroid glands
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endocrine system
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serous fluid
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allows freedom of movement between 2 layers of serosa, it is secreted by visceral and parietal serosa, and it fills the potential space between the visceral and parietal serosa.
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cephalic is....
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The head
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The right lower trunk is the same as...
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The right inguinal region
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parietal peritoneum
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lines the abdominopelvic cavity.
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The visceral serosa membrane...
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covers the outer surface of organs in a body cavity.
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femoral is..
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thigh
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sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive is...
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organismal level
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urinary sysyem
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eliminates nitrogenous wastes
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positron emission tomography (pet)
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excels in observing metabolic processes.
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synovial cavity
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cavity between bones at the joint.
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middle ear cavity
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contains bones to transmit sound vibrations.
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macroscopic anatomy
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The study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys.
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What are 3 components of homeostatic control systems?
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receptor, control center, effector
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list the complexity levels in order from least to greatest.
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cellular, tissue, organ, organ system
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cervical..
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neck
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Acromial
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point of shoulder
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Crural
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leg
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The spleen is an organ in the
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lymphatic system/immune system
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Lymphatic system
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defends the body from foreign substances
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The cranial cavity is part of...
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The dorsal body cavity
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approximately what percentage of the air we breathe is made of oxygen?
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20%
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The human body as a whole is enclosed and protected by the integumentary system. This is an example of a necessary life function...
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maintaining boundaries
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an example of positive feedback mechanism..
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blood clotting
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What organs are housed in the ventral body cavity?
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heart, stomach, and lungs
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tarsal is..
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The ankle
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popliteal
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Back of knee
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a person with appendicitis will most often present with pain in the...
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Right lower quadrant
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pedal is...
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The foot
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olecranal
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Back of elbow
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What is the body system that acts as a fast-acting control system?
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nervous system
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What body system functions to produce blood cells?
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skeletal system
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plantar
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sole
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positive feedback mechanism is..
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The result or response enhances the original stimulus, response is accelerated.
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an example of positive feedback...
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Is release of oxytocin to increase the strength of labor contractions.
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parietal pericardium
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lines the pericardial cavity
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tissue level
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groups of similar cells with a common function
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What is an event that ends the positive feedback loop?
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blood clot seals tear in damaged blood vessel
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Visceral pericardium
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covers the heart
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occurs after platelets begin to cling to the injured site..
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release chemical that attract more platelets
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Organ level
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several tissues performing a specific function
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The heart is what to the spine?
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ventral
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effector
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provides the means to respond to the stimulus
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