9. Anatomy & Physiology - The Nervous System

Front 1

Define the term myotome.

Back 1

Muscle and tissue of the body innervated by a spinal nerve root

Front 2

Define the function of the autonomic nervous system.

Back 2

The part of the nervous system controlling involuntary bodily functions. It is divided into the sympathetic and the parasympathetic systems.

Front 3

Define the function of the parasympathetic nervous system.

Back 3

Division of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for controlling vegetative functions. Parasympathetic nervous system actions include decreased heart rate and constriction of the bronchioles and pupils.

Front 4

Define the function of the somatic nervous system.

Back 4

The parts of the nervous system controlling voluntary bodily functions.

Front 5

Define the function of the sympathetic nervous system.

Back 5

Division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for stressful situations. Sympathetic nervous system actions include increased heart rate and dilation of the bronchioles and pupils.

Front 6

Define the term anterior medial fissure.

Back 6

Deep crease along the ventral surface of the spinal cord that divides the cord into right and left halves.

Front 7

Define the term ascending tracts.

Back 7

Bundles of axons along the spinal cord that transmit signals from the body to the brain.

Front 8

Define the term autonomic ganglion.

Back 8

Groups of autonomic nerve cells located outside the central nervous system.

Front 9

Define the term cranial nerves.

Back 9

Twelve pairs of nerves that originate in the brain and supply nervous control to the head, neck, and certain thoracic and abdominal organs.

Front 10

Define the term dermatome.

Back 10

Topographical region of the body surface innervated by one nerve root.

Front 11

Define the term descending tracts.

Back 11

Bundles of axons along the spinal cord that transmit signals from the brain to the body.

Front 12

Define the term epidural space.

Back 12

The space outside the dura mater.

Front 13

Define the term gray matter.

Back 13

Areas in the central nervous system dominated by nerve cell bodies; the central portion of the spinal cord.

Front 14

Define the term neuron.

Back 14

Nerve cell; the fundamental component of the nervous system.

Front 15

Define the term neurotransmitter.

Back 15

A substance that is released from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron upon excitation and that travels across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Examples include acethylcholine, norepinephrine, and dopamine.

Front 16

Define the term post-ganglionic nerves.

Back 16

Nerve fibers that extend from the autonomic ganglia to the target tissues.

Front 17

Define the term posterior medial sulcus.

Back 17

Shallow longitudinal groove along the dorsal surface of the spinal cord.

Front 18

Define the term pre-ganglionic nerves.

Back 18

Nerve fibers that extend from the central nervous system to the autonomic ganglia.

Front 19

Define the term subarachnoid space.

Back 19

The space between the pia mater and the arachnoid membrane.

Front 20

Define the term subdural space.

Back 20

The space between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane.

Front 21

Describe the characteristics and function of cerebrospinal fluid.

Back 21

A watery, clear fluid that acts as a cushion to protect the brain and spinal cord from physical impact.

Front 22

Describe the characteristics of the following sympathetic receptors: Alpha 1.

Back 22

Cause peripheral vasoconstriction, mild bronchoconstriction, and stimulation of metabolism.

Front 23

Describe the characteristics of the following sympathetic receptors: Alpha 2.

Back 23

Found on the presynaptic surfaces of sympathetic neuro-effector junctions. These receptors serve to prevent over-release of norepinephrine in the synapse. When the level of norepinephrine in the synapse gets high enough, they are stimulated and norepinephrine release is inhibited.

Front 24

Describe the characteristics of the following sympathetic receptors: Beta 1.

Back 24

Stimulation causes increases in heart rate, cardiac contractile force, and cardiac automaticity and conduction.

Front 25

Describe the characteristics of the following sympathetic receptors: Beta 2.

Back 25

Causes vasodilation and bronchodilation. Dopaminergic receptors although not fully understood, evidently cause dilation of the renal, coronary, and cerebral arteries

Front 26

Describe the function of the Nervous System.

Back 26

The body's principal control system. This network of cells, tissues, and organs regulates nearly all bodily functions via electrical impulses transmitted through nerves, all of which are highly susceptible to hypoxia.

Front 27

Describe the function of the spinal cord.

Back 27

Central nervous system pathway responsible for transmitting sensory input from the body to the brain and for conducting motor impulses from the brain to the body muscles and organs.

Front 28

Describe the location and characteristics of the Dura mater.

Back 28

Durable, outermost layer of the meninges.

Front 29

Describe the location and characteristics of the arachnoid membrane.

Back 29

Middle layer is a web-like structure of the meninges.

Front 30

Describe the location and characteristics of the pia mater.

Back 30

Innermost layer of the meninges, directly overlying the central nervous system.

Front 31

Identify function of the parasympathetic nervous system.

Back 31

Controls rest and regenerative functions and consists of the peripheral nerve roots branching from the sacral region and the cranial nerves (predominantly the vagus nerve).

Front 32

Identify the effects of stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system.

Back 32

Pupillary constriction, Secretion by digestive glands, Reduction in heart rate and cardiac contractile force, Bronchoconstriction

Front 33

Identify the major tasks of the parasympathetic nervous system.

Back 33

To slow the heart and increase digestive system activity; the system also plays a role in sexual stimulation.

Front 34

Identify the two systems that supply blood flow to the brain.

Back 34

Carotid system (anterior), Vertebrobasilar system (posterior)

Front 35

Identify the type of nerves and function of the somatic motor nerves.

Back 35

These efferent fibers carry impulses to the skeletal (voluntary) muscles.

Front 36

Identify the type of nerves and function of the somatic sensory nerves.

Back 36

These afferent nerves transmit sensations involved in touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and position (proprioception)

Front 37

Identify the type of nerves and function of the visceral motor nerves.

Back 37

These efferent fibers exit the central nervous system and branch to supply nerves to the involuntary cardiac muscle and smooth muscle of the viscera (organs) and to the glands.

Front 38

Identify the type of nerves and function of the visceral sensory nerves.

Back 38

These afferent tracts transmit sensations from the visceral organs. Sensations such as a full bladder or the need to defecate are mediated by visceral sensory fibers.

Front 39

List the 2 components of the Central Nervous System.

Back 39

Brain, Spinal cord

Front 40

List the bones that compose the cranium.

Back 40

Two single bones - the frontal and occipital bones and a series of paired bones - parietals, temporals, sphenoids, and ethmoids.

Front 41

List the components of the neuron.

Back 41

Cell body (soma), Dendrites, Axons

Front 42

List the components of the peripheral nervous system.

Back 42

Part of the nervous system that extends throughout the body and is composed of the cranial nerves arising from the brain and the peripheral nerves arising from the spinal cord

Front 43

List the six major parts of the brain.

Back 43

Cerebrum, Diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus), Mesencephalon (midbrain), Pons, Medulla OblongataCerebellum

Front 44

List the three structures that form the meninges.

Back 44

Dura mater

Front 45

List the two subdivision of the peripheral nervous system.

Back 45

The subdivisions of the PNS are the somatic and the autonomic nervous systems.

Front 46

List the types of sympathetic receptors.

Back 46

Adrenergic, - alpha1 (a1), - alpha2 (a2), - beta1 (B1), - beta2 (B1) , Dopaminergic

Front 47

Name the neurotransmitter that mediates actions of the parasympathetic nervous system.

Back 47

Acetylcholine.

Front 48

Name the neurotransmitters that mediate actions of the sympathetic nervous system.

Back 48

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Front 49

Outline the physiology of sympathetic nervous system stimulation.

Back 49

Results in direct stimulation of the adrenal medulla, the inner portion of the adrenal gland. The adrenal medulla in turn releases the hormones norepinephrine (noradrenalin) and epinephrine (adrenalin) into the circulatory system. Approximately 80 percent of the hormones released by the adrenal medulla are epinephrine, while norepinephrine constitutes the remaining 20 percent. Once released, these hormones are carried throughout the body where they cause their intended effects by acting on hormone receptors.

Front 50

What are the effects of simulating post-ganglionic nerves?

Back 50

Stimulation of secretion by sweat glands.

Front 51

What are the effects of stimulating the collateral ganglia located in the abdominal cavity?

Back 51

Reduction of blood flow to abdominal organs.

Front 52

What are the spinal nerves?

Back 52

31 pairs of nerves that originate along the spinal cord from anterior and posterior nerve roots.

Front 53

What areas of the brain contains the Reticular Activating System?

Back 53

Operates in the lateral portion of the medulla, pons, and especially the midbrain. The RAS sends impulses to and receives impulses from the cerebral cortex. It is a diffuse system of interlacing nerve cells responsible for maintaining consciousness and the ability to respond to stimuli.

Front 54

What areas of the brain specializes in balance and coordination?

Back 54

Cerebellum.

Front 55

What areas of the brain specializes in motor function?

Back 55

Frontal lobes of cerebrum

Front 56

What areas of the brain specializes in personality?

Back 56

Frontal lobes of cerebrum

Front 57

What areas of the brain specializes in sensory?

Back 57

Parietal lobes of cerebrum

Front 58

What areas of the brain specializes in speech?

Back 58

Temporal lobe of cerebrum

Front 59

What areas of the brain specializes in vision?

Back 59

Occipital cortex of cerebrum

Front 60

What component of the brain controls emotions, autonomic functions, and hormone production?

Back 60

Hypothalamus

Front 61

What component of the brain controls involuntary control of complex somatic motor patterns, memory storage of learned motor patterns, and adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in brain and spinal cord?

Back 61

Cerebellum

Front 62

What component of the brain maintains conscious thought processes, intellectual functions, memory storage, and involuntary regulation of somatic motor patterns?

Back 62

Cerebrum

Front 63

What component of the brain processes visual and auditory data, generates involuntary somatic motor responses, and maintains consciousness?

Back 63

Midbrain

Front 64

What component of the brain relays and processes sensory information?

Back 64

Thalamus

Front 65

What component of the brain relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus, and contains the involuntary somatic and visceral motor centers?

Back 65

Pons

Front 66

What component of the brain relays sensory information to thalamus and contains the autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive system activities)?

Back 66

Medulla Oblongata

Front 67

What component of the brain releases hypothalamic hormones, and secretes hormones regulating endocrine activity (under hypothalamic control)?

Back 67

Pituitary gland

Front 68

What does the Sympathetic Nervous system prepare the body for?

Back 68

Stressful situations

Front 69

What does the axillary nerve control?

Back 69

Deltoid + skin of shoulder

Front 70

What does the femoral nerve control?

Back 70

Lower abdomen, glutes, thighs

Front 71

What does the median nerve control?

Back 71

Flexor muscles, forearms, arms

Front 72

What does the musculocutaneous nerve control?

Back 72

Flexor muscles of arm

Front 73

What does the obturator nerve control?

Back 73

Abductor muscles medial thigh.

Front 74

What does the phrenic nerver control?

Back 74

Diaphragm.

Front 75

What does the radial nerve control?

Back 75

Triceps, forearm

Front 76

What does the sciatic nerve control?

Back 76

Lower extremities

Front 77

What does the ulnar nerve control?

Back 77

Wrist, hand

Front 78

What is the Autonomic Nervous System responsible for?

Back 78

The unconscious control of many body functions, including those governed by the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and the glands.

Front 79

What is the Somatic Nervous System responsible for?

Back 79

The conscious control of movement, primarily controlling the skeletal muscles.

Front 80

What is the function of axons?

Back 80

Axons transmit electrical impulses away from the cell body.

Front 81

What is the function of dendrites?

Back 81

Dendrites transmit electrical impulses to the cell body.

Front 82

Define the term spinal canal.

Back 82

The spinal cord is housed inside and is protected by the 'spinal canal' formed by the vertebrae of the spinal column.

Front 83

Define the term white matter.

Back 83

Material that surrounds gray matter in the spinal cord; made up largely of axons.