Anatomy & Physiology Modle 1: Part 2

Front 1

Chemistry

Back 1

Basis for how the body transforms and uses energy and for how cells use crucial molecules

Front 2

Matter

Back 2

Is anything that occupies space and has mass

Front 3

Weight

Back 3

Measure of gravity pulling on mass

Front 4

Chemistry

Back 4

Chemistry studies the nature of matter - how its building blocks are put together and how they interact

Front 5

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Back 5

State of Matter

Front 6

Chemical

Physical

Back 6

Changes that occurs in matter

Front 7

Physical Change

Back 7

Change that does not alter the basic nature of a substance

Front 8

Chemical Change

Back 8

Alter the composition of the substance

Front 9

Energy

Back 9

Ability to do work or put matter into motion

Front 10

Kinetic Energy

Back 10

Display in constant movement of the tiniest particles of matter

Front 11

Potential Energy

Back 11

Energy at rest or inactuve energy

Front 12

Chemical Energy

Back 12

Energy stored in bonds of chemical substances

Front 13

Electrical Energy

Back 13

Energy results from the movement of charged particles

Front 14

Mechanical energy

Back 14

Energy directly involved in moving matter

Front 15

Radiant energy

Back 15

Energy that travels in waves that like the energy of electromagnetic spectrum

Front 16

ATP Adenosine Triphosphate

Back 16

Chemical energy in the food is converted into high energy chemical called?

Front 17

Periodic Table

Back 17

Complete listing of elements appears in?

Front 18

Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Carbon

Back 18

Elements that make up about 96% of the human body

Front 19

Incable of being divided

Back 19

Greek word of atom means

Front 20

Sub atomic particles

Protons

Neutrons

Electrons

Back 20

Small particles that made up an atom

Front 21

Protons

Back 21

Positive charge

Front 22

Neutrons

Back 22

No charge

Front 23

Electrons

Back 23

Negative charge

Front 24

Ions

Back 24

Atoms that have gained or lost electron

Front 25

Planetary Model

Back 25

Model that portrays atom as miniature solar system where nutrons and protons are clustered at the center in the atomic nucleus

Front 26

Orbital Model

Back 26

Depicts general location of electrons outside the nucleus as a haze of negative charge referred to as electron cloud

Front 27

Hydrogen

Back 27

Simplest atom

Front 28

Atomic Mass Number

Back 28

Sum of the masses of all the protons and neutrons contained in its nucleua

Front 29

Isotopes

Back 29

Have the same number of protons and electrons but vary in the number of neutrons they contain

Front 30

Radioisotopes

Back 30

Heavier isotopes of certain atoms are unstable and then to release energy in order to become more stable

Front 31

Radioactivity

Back 31

Process of spontaneous atomic decay

Front 32

Molecules

Back 32

When two or more atoms combined chemically

Front 33

Chemical Reaction

Back 33

Occur whenever atoms combined with or dissociate from other atoms

Front 34

Chemical Bonds

Back 34

When atoms unitr chemically (_) are formed

Front 35

Chemical Bond

Back 35

Energy relationship that involves interactions between the electrons of the reacting atoms

Front 36

Electron shells or energy level

Back 36

Space that electrons occupy around the nucleus

Front 37

Valence shell

Back 37

Atom's outermost shell

Front 38

Valence Electron

Back 38

Determine the chemical behavior of an

Front 39

Ionic Bonds

Back 39

Form when electrons are completely transfered from one atom to another

Front 40

Ions

Back 40

Charged particles

Front 41

Anions

Back 41

Negatively charged ions

Front 42

Cations

Back 42

Positively charged ions

Front 43

Covalent Bonds

Back 43

Electrons do not have to be completely lost or gain for atoms to become stable.

Shared to be able to fill its valence shell

Front 44

Covalent Molecules

Back 44

Molecules in which atoms share valence electrons

Front 45

Nonpolar covalent molecules

Back 45

Electrons are shared equally

Front 46

Polar molecule

Back 46

Molecule with two charged poles

Front 47

Synthesis reaction

Back 47

Occurs when two or more atoms or molecules combined to form a larger more complex molecule

Front 48

Decomposition Reaction

Back 48

Occur when a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules

Front 49

Exchange reactions

Back 49

Involve simultaneous synthesis and decomposition reaction

Front 50

Inorganic Compound

Back 50

Lack carbon and tend to be small, simple molecules

Front 51

Organic Compounds

Back 51

Contain carbon

Front 52

Water

Back 52

Most abundant inorganic compound in the body

Front 53

1. High heat capacity

2. Polarity/solvent properties

3. Chemical reactivity

4. Cushioning

Back 53

Properties of Water

Front 54

High heat capacity

Back 54

Properties of water which states tjat it absorbs and release large amount of heat before its temperature changes and prevents sudden changes in body tempt

Front 55

Solvent

Back 55

Liquid or gas in which smaller amount of substances can be dissolved or suspended

Front 56

Solutes

Back 56

Substances that dissolved or suspended; can be solid, liquid or gas

Front 57

Solution

Back 57

When the solute particles are exceedingly tiny

Front 58

Suspension

Back 58

When solute partixles are fairly large

Front 59

Colloids

Back 59

Translucent mixtures eith solute particles of intermediate size

Front 60

Chemical reactivity

Back 60

Properties of water that states that water is important in some chemical reaction

Front 61

Hydrolysis reaction

Back 61

Recognize the role of water in chem reaction

Front 62

Cushioning

Back 62

Properties of water that states that water serves as protective function

Front 63

Salts

Back 63

Ionic Compound containing cations other than the hydrogen ion and anions other than hydroxide ions

Front 64

Dissociation

Back 64

Separation of salts into their ions

Front 65

Electrolytes

Back 65

Substances that conduct an electrical current in solution

Front 66

Acid

Back 66

Have sour taste and can dissolve many metal

Can release hydrogen ions

Front 67

Proton donors (H^+)

Back 67

Acid is also defined as

Front 68

Strong acid

Back 68

Acid that ionize completely and liberate all protons

Front 69

Weak acid

Back 69

Ionize incompletely

Front 70

Bases

Back 70

Have bitter taste, feel slippery, and proton acceptors

Release Hydroxide ion (OH^-)

Front 71

Neutralization

Back 71

Reaction in which an acid and base interact

Front 72

Sorensen

Back 72

Danish Biochemistrist that devised pH scale in 1909

Front 73

pH

Back 73

Relative concentration of hydrogen ions in various body fluids is measured in concentration called?

Front 74

Buffers

Back 74

Chemicals that helps regilate acid-base balance

Front 75

Functional groups

Back 75

Small reactive parts of organic compounds

Front 76

Polymers

Back 76

Chain like molecules made of many similar repeating units joined together by dehydration synthesis

Front 77

Dehydration synthesis

Back 77

When a hydrogen atom removed from one monomer and a hydroxyl group (OH) is removed from the monomer it is to be joined with

Front 78

Hydrolysis

Back 78

When polymers must be broken down or digested to their monomers

Front 79

Carbohydrates

Back 79

Includes sugars and starches, containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Front 80

C6H12O6

Back 80

Glucose formula

Front 81

C5H10O5

Back 81

Ribose formula

Front 82

Monosaccharides

Back 82

Aka simple sugars

Single chain/ring structures the carbon backbone forms either a line of a cicle containing 3-7 carbon atoms

Front 83

1. Glucose

2. Fructoae

3. Galactose

4. Ribose

5. Deoxyribose

Back 83

Most important monosaccharides in the body

Front 84

Glucose

Back 84

Aka blood sugars

Universal cellular fuels

Front 85

Fructose and galactose

Back 85

Are converted to glucose for use of body cells

Front 86

Ribose and deoxyribose

Back 86

Form part of the structure of nucleic acid

Front 87

Disaccharides

Back 87

Aka double sugars

Formed ehen two simple sugars are joined by dehydration synthesis

Front 88

Sucrose (glucose+ fructose)

Lactose (glucose+ galactose)

Maltose (glucose+glucose)

Back 88

Common disaccharides

Front 89

Polysaccharide

Back 89

Long branching chains of linked simple sugars

Front 90

Starch

Back 90

Polysaccharide formed by plants

Front 91

Glycogen

Back 91

Slightly smaller polysaccharide found in animal tissue

Front 92

Lipids

Back 92

Aka fats

Are large and diverse groupnof organic Compounds

Also contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen but carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen atoms

Front 93

Lipids

Back 93

Aka fats

Are large and diverse groupnof organic Compounds

Also contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen but carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen atoms

Front 94

Lipids

Back 94

Are insoluble in water but readily dissolve in other lipids and in organic solvents such as alcohol and acetone

Front 95

Truglycerides

Phospholipids

Steroids

Back 95

Most abundant lipids in the body

Front 96

Triglycerides

Back 96

Neutral fats

Composed of two types of building blocks, fatty acids and glycerol

Front 97

Saturated fats

Back 97

Fatty acids chains with only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms are reffered to as what?

Front 98

Unsaturated fats

Back 98

Fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms

Front 99

Phospolipids

Back 99

Phosphorus containing group id always part of the molecule and takes place of one of the fatty acid chains

Front 100

Hydrophobic (water fearing)

Hydrophilic (water loving)

Back 100

Phospholipids polarity

Front 101

Steroids

Back 101

Flat molecules formed of four interlocking carbon rings

Front 102

Cholesterol

Back 102

Most important steroid molecules

Front 103

Proteins

Back 103

Accountfor over 50 percent of organic matter in the body

Construction materials

Front 104

Amino acids

Back 104

Building blocks of proteins are called?

Front 105

Polypeptides

Back 105

When amino acids joined together they are called?

Front 106

Primary structure

Back 106

Sequence of amino acid composing wach amino acid chain

Resembles a strand of amino acid "beads"

Backbone of protein molecules

Front 107

Alpha helix (secondary structure)

Back 107

Resembles metal spring

Formed by coiling of primary chain and is stabilized by hyrdogen bonds

Front 108

Beta pleated sheet

Back 108

Primary polypeptide chains do not coil but are linked side by side by hydrogen bonds to form a pleated ribbon like structire

Front 109

Tertiary structure

Back 109

Achieved when a-helical or B-pleated regions of amino acid chain fold upon one another to produce a compact ball like or globular, protein

Front 110

Quaternary structure

Back 110

When two or more amino acid chains combined in a regular manner to form a complex protein

Front 111

Fibrous proteins

Back 111

Aka structural proteins

Appear most often in body structures and are very important in binding structures together and providing strenght in certain body tissue

Front 112

Globular proteins

Back 112

Aka functional proteins

Compact, spherical molecules that have tertiary structure

Playd crucial roles in biological process and do things

Front 113

Enzymes

Back 113

Functional proteins that act as biological catalyst

Front 114

Catalyst

Back 114

Substance that increase the rate of chemical reactions without becoming partof the product or being changed itself

Front 115

Active sites

Back 115

Regions of enzymes that allows them to fit and interact chemically eith other molecules of complementary shapes and charge called substrates

Front 116

Nucleic acid

Back 116

Make up your genes which provides badic blueprint of life

Front 117

Nucleotides

Back 117

Building blocks of nucleic acid

Front 118

1. Nitrogen containing base

2. Pentose sugar

3. Phosphate group

Back 118

Nucleotides contains?

Front 119

Adenine

Guanine

Cytosine

Thymine

Uracil

Back 119

Base of nucleotides

Front 120

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Back 120

Two major kinds of nucleic acid

Front 121

DNA

Back 121

Genetic material found within the cell nucleus

Front 122

1. Replicates itseld

2. Provides instruction for building wvery protein in the body

Back 122

Rolss of DNA

Front 123

RNA

Back 123

Functions outside the nucleus and can be considered the "molecular assistant" of DNA

Front 124

Adenine

Guanine

Thymine

Cytosine

Back 124

DNA base

Front 125

A=T

G=C

Back 125

Complimentary bases

Front 126

Adenine

Guanin

Cytosine

Uracil

Back 126

RNA bases

Front 127

Messenger

Transfer

Ribosomal

Back 127

3 major varieties of RNA

Front 128

mRNA (messenger)

Back 128

Carries information from the proteins from DNA to the ribosomes, the, protein synthesising sites.

Front 129

tRNA (transfer)

Back 129

Ferries amino acids to ribosomes

Front 130

rRNA (ribosomal)

Back 130

Forms part of ribosomes. Where it oversees translation of the message and the binding together of amino acids to form proteins

Front 131

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

Back 131

Provides form of chemical energy that all body cells can use.

Use to provide cellular energyP

Front 132

Adenosine di phosphate (ADP)

Back 132

Cellular energy provided by atp