Anatomy & Physiology 1 - Lesson 1 Part 2

Front 1

Draw a figure showing the interdependent relationships of cells, body systems and homeostasis.

Back 1

Body systems maintain homeostasis which is essential for the survival of cells which make up the body systems.

Front 2

Distinguish between intrinsic controls and extrinsic controls.

Back 2

Intrinsic (local) controls are built into or are inherent in an organ (intrinsic means within).
Extrinsic (systemic) controls are regulatory mechanisms initiated outside an organ to alter the organs activity (extrinsic means outside of).

Front 3

Compare negative feedback and positive feedback.

Back 3

In negative feedback a change in a controlled variable triggers a response that drives the variable in the opposite direction of the initial change, thus opposing the change.
Positive feedback amplifies the initial change so that the controlled variable continues to move in the direction of the initial change.
Positive feedback is uncommon but used at childbirth.

Front 4

Which is incorrect for connective tissue;
a; bone,
b; blood
c; elastin
d; it has tightly packed cells
e; it anchors various body parts

Back 4

D. Connective tissue does not have tightly packed cells, it has relatively few cells dispersed within an abundance of extracellular material.

Front 5

State the principals of cell theory

Back 5

- the cell is the smallest structure and functional unit capable of carrying out life processes.
- the functional activities of each cell depend on the specific structural properties of the cell.
- Cells are the living building blocks of all multicellular organisms.
- An organisms structure and function ultimately depend on the collective structural characteristics and functional capabilities of its cells.
All new cells and new life arise only from preexisting cells.
- Because of this continuity of life, the cells of all organisms are fundamentally similar in structure and function.

Front 6

Compare the average size of cells in your body with those in a mouse or elephant.

Back 6

The cells in humans, elephants and mice are all generally the same size. The quantity of cells in each would be different depending on the size of the animal but the size of the cells would be roughly the same. A mouse would have a lot less cells than a human or an elephant for example.

Front 7

State the function of DNA and the 3 types of RNA.

Back 7

DNA directs protein synthesis and it is a genetic blueprint during cell reproduction.
- Messenger (mRNA) copies the DNA code
- Ribosomal (rRNA) is an essential component of Ribosomes
- Transfer (tRNA) delivers amino acids to protein being synthesized.

Front 8

Define cytoplasm, organelles, cytosol and cytoskeleton.

Back 8

Cytoplasm; the cytoplasm is that portion of the cells interior not occupied by the nucleus. It contains organelles and the cytoskeleton. Structures are dispersed within cytosol.
Organelles; are distinct, highly organised structures that perform specialised functions within the cell. There are 2 categories of organelles - Membranous; bound by a membrane that separates the organelles content from the surrounding cytosol and Nonmembranous; which are not surrounded by the membrane and thus in direct contact with the cytosol.
Cytosol; a semi-liquid gel like mass. Many of the chemical reactions that are compatible with one another are conducted in the cytosol.
Cytoskeleton; is an interconnected system of protein fibres and tubes that extends throughout the cytosol. This elaborate protein network gives the cell its shape, provides for its internal organisation and regulates its various movements.

Front 9

Distinguish between the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - Rough ER and the Smooth ER structurally and functionally.

Back 9

Rough ER - the outer surface of the rough ER membrane is studded with ribosomes that give it a 'rough' appearance. Ribosomes are where the protein synthesis takes place.
Smooth ER - has no ribosomes. It packages the secretory product into transport vesicles which 'bud off' and move into the Golgi complex.

Front 10

State the destination of protein synthesized by the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Back 10

They move from the rough ER to the Smooth ER

Front 11

What does ATP stand for and why?

Back 11

Adenosine Triphosphate because it consists of Adenosine and has 3 phosphate groups.

Front 12

Describe the structure and functions of Golgi complex.

Back 12

The Golgi complex is closely associated with ER. The Golgi complex modifies molecules delivered to it from the ER into finished products. It sorts, packages and directs molecules to appropriate destinations. The Golgi complex consists of 4-8 stacked, flattened channels with expanded terminal areas (vesicles).

Front 13

Explain how secretory vesicles can dock only with plasma membrane to release their contents to the cells exterior.

Back 13

Secretory vesicles fuse only with the plasma membrane and not with any of the internal membranes that enclose organelles, thereby preventing fruitless or even dangerous discharge of secretory products into the organelles.

Front 14

What are the 3 types of Endocytosis?

Back 14

Pinocytosis; non selective uptake of ECF.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis; selective uptake of specific large molecules.
Phagocytosis; uptake of large particles.

Front 15

Discuss the function of the oxidative enzymes in peroxisomes.

Back 15

Carry out oxidative reactions that detoxify various wastes and toxic foreign compounds. Generate hydrogen peroxide.

Front 16

Name the major product generated in peroxisomes.

Back 16

Hydrogen peroxide which they decompose into water and oxygen.