Anatomy & Physiology : Lymphatic System

Front 1

what is a pathogen?

Back 1

disease producing microbe

Front 2

define the term resistance?

Back 2

the ability to ward of disease or damage

Front 3

what does the term suseptibility mean?

Back 3

vulnerabiltiy of lack of resistance to disease or damage

Front 4

What are the two types of immunity every person has?

Back 4

adaptive immunity, innate immunity

Front 5

when are defences present , regarding innate immunity?

Back 5

defenses are present at birth in innate immunity

Front 6

waht does innate immunity not involve, regarding recognition of microbes?

Back 6

innate immunity does not involve specific recognition of microbes

Front 7

How does the innate immune system act against microbes?

Back 7

the innate immune system acts against microbes all the same way

Front 8

what are examples of the first line of defence in innate immunity?

Back 8

physical and chemical barriers of the skin and mucous membranes

Front 9

what are examples of the second line of defence in innate immunity?

Back 9

antimicrobial substance, natural killer cells, phagocytes,fever,inflammation

Front 10

What are the first and second lines of defence designed for?

Back 10

to prevent micorbes from gaining acess to the body and to help elimnate those that do gain acess

Front 11

Adaptive immunity refers to the defences that involve specific recognition of microbes once it has breeched what ?

Back 11

adaptive immunity refers to the defences that involve specific recognition of microbes once it has breeched the INNATE IMMUNE system

Front 12

which system adapts or adjusts to handle a specific microbe?

Back 12

adaptive immunity

Front 13

What 2 types of lymphocytes does the Adaptive immune system invovle?

Back 13

B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes

Front 14

what is the lymphatic system responsible for? (regarding immunity)

Back 14

lymphatic system in responsible for adaptive immunity and some aspects of innate immunity

Front 15

what is the lymphatic system closely allied with? Why?

Back 15

the lymphatic system is closely allied with the cardiovascular system , it drains interstital fluid back to the heart

Front 16

what does the lymphatic system drain back to the heart?

Back 16

the lymphatic system drains intersistial fluid back to the heart

Front 17

How does the lymphatic system function with the digestive system?

Back 17

lymphatic system functions with the digestive system by absorbing fatty foods.

Front 18

define the term lymph

Back 18

a clear-pale yellow fluid confined in lymphatic vessels and flowing through lymphatic system until returned to the blood

Front 19

where is lymph found?

Back 19

lymph is found in lymphatic vessels and flowing throught the system

Front 20

what are lymphatic vessels?

Back 20

large vessels that collect lymph from lymphatic capillaries and coverge to form the thoracic and right lymphatic duct

Front 21

where do lymphatic vessels collect lymph from?

Back 21

lymphatic cappillaries

Front 22

what type of tissue is lymphatic tissue ?

Back 22

specialized form of reticular tissue that contains large lymphocytes

Front 23

what is the name of highly vascularized connective tissue located in microscopic spaces between trabeculae and spongy bone?

Back 23

red bone marrow

Front 24

what is Red bone marrow the site for?

Back 24

lymphocyte production

Front 25

where is red bone marrow located?

Back 25

microscopic spaces between trabeculae of spongy bone tissue

Front 26

what type of tissue is red bone marrow?

Back 26

highly vascualrized connective tissue

Front 27

what are the three functions of the lymphatic system?

Back 27

drains excess interstital fluid,transports dietary lipids from the gastrointestinal tract into the blood, protects against invasion through immune response

Front 28

where do lymphatic vessels begin?

Back 28

blind-ended lymph capillaries in tissue spaces between cells

Front 29

what does interstital fluid form when it drains into lymphatic capillaries?

Back 29

lymph is formed when intersitial fluid drains into lymphatic capillaries

Front 30

what do lymphatic capillaries merge to form?

Back 30

lymphatic capillaries merge to form lymphatic vessels

Front 31

what structures do lymphatic vessels covey lymph in and out of?

Back 31

lymphatic vessels convey lymph in and out of LYMPH NODES

Front 32

Lymphatic vessels are found throughout the body , except for what areas?

Back 32

avascualr tissue, CNS, portion of the spleen, red bone marrow

Front 33

what are the difference between lymphatic capillaries and blood capillaries?

Back 33

lymphatic capillaries have a slighlty large diameter, and overlapping endotherlial cells

Front 34

what do overlapping endothelial cells found in lymphatic capillaries function for?

Back 34

function as one way valves for fluid to enter lymphatic capillaries

Front 35

what attached the overlappy endothelial cells found in lymphatic cappilaries to surrounding tissue ?

Back 35

anchoring fillaments

Front 36

What is the name of a lymphatic capillary in the villus of the small intestine called?

Back 36

lacteal

Front 37

what does the lacteal function for? (lymphatic capillary in the villus of the small intestine)

Back 37

transport digested fats from the small intestine into the blood

Front 38

what are the principle formed lymph trunks , formed from the exiting vessels of lymph nodes?

Back 38

lumbar, intestinal , bronchomediastinal,subclavian, and jugular trunks

Front 39

what is the dilation called that the throracic trunk beings as?

Back 39

cisterna chyli

Front 40

what is the main collecting duct of the lymphatic system?

Back 40

cisternal chyli

Front 41

where doest he thoracic duct recieve lymph from?

Back 41

left side of head, neck , chest, left upper extremity and entire body below the ribs

Front 42

where does the thoracic ducts drain lymph into venous blood?

Back 42

left subclavian vein

Front 43

where does the right lymphatic duct drain lymph from?

Back 43

upper right side of body

Front 44

where does the right lymphatic duct drain lymph into venous blood?

Back 44

right subclavian vein

Front 45

explain the passage of lymph?

Back 45

arteries -> blood capillaries -> interstitial fluid ->lymph capillaries -> lymph trunk-> right/left thoracic duct->subclavian vein

Front 46

what does lymph flow as a result of the milking action of?

Back 46

lymph flows as a result of the action of the milking action of the skeletal muscle contraction and respiratory movements

Front 47

what is lymphatic flow also aided by besides the contraction of skeletal muscles and respiratory movements?

Back 47

lymphatic flow is aided by lymphatic vessel valves that prevent back flow of lymph

Front 48

why is red bone marrow, and the thymus gland selected as the primary lymphatic organs?

Back 48

red bone marrow, and the thymus gland are selected as primary lymphatic organs because they are the place where B and T lymphocytes become immunocompetent

Front 49

what are the secondary lymphatic organs?

Back 49

lymph nodes and spleen

Front 50

what is an example of secondary lymphatic tissue?

Back 50

lymphatic nodules

Front 51

where do most immune responses occur?

Back 51

most immune responses occur in secondary lymphatic organs and tissue (lymph nodes,spleen & nodules)

Front 52

where is the thymus gland located ?

Back 52

between sternum and heart

Front 53

where does T cell maturation take place?

Back 53

the thymus gland

Front 54

how does the thymus function for immunity?

Back 54

it functions for immunity as the site for t-cell maturation

Front 55

what is the thymus gland replaced by after puberty?

Back 55

largely replaced by adipose and aerolar connective tissue

Front 56

what age is the thymus gland large?

Back 56

in infants up until puberty

Front 57

describe lymph nodes?

Back 57

encapsulated oval structures located along lymphatic vessels

Front 58

what cells do lymph nodes contain?

Back 58

t cells, macrophages, follicular dendritic cells and B cells.

Front 59

what does lymph enter nodes through?

Back 59

afferent lymphatic vessels

Front 60

what does lymph exit does through?

Back 60

efferent lymphatic vessels

Front 61

what are foreign substances filtered by lymph nodes trapped by?

Back 61

nodal reticular fibers

Front 62

after foreign substances are filtered by nodal reticular fibers , what cell destroys some of the forgein substances by phagocytosis?

Back 62

macrophages destroy foreign substances filtered by nodal reticular fibers using phagocytosis

Front 63

what are lymph nodes the site for regarding plama cells and t cells?

Back 63

lymph nodes are the site for proliferation of plasma and t cells

Front 64

what knowledge is important in the diagnosis and prognosis of the spead of cancer by metastasis?

Back 64

knowledge of the location of lymph nodes and the direction of lymph nodes is important in the diagnosis of the spread of cancer by metastasis .

Front 65

why is the location of lymph nodes and the direction of flow by the lymph nodes imporatnt in the diagnosis of the spread of cancer by metastasis?

Back 65

is important because many cancer cells are spread by the way of the lymphatic system, producing clusters of tumor cells where they lodge.

Front 66

what is the largest mass of lymphatic tissue in the body?

Back 66

spleen

Front 67

where is the spleen found?

Back 67

left hypochondriac

Front 68

what kind of pulp does the spleen consist of?

Back 68

red and whit pulp

Front 69

what is the white pulp found in the spleen made of?

Back 69

lymphatic tissue

Front 70

what is the red pulp found in the spleen made of?

Back 70

venous sinuses filled with blood and spleenic chords consisting of RBC's , macrophages,lymphocytes, plasma cells, granulocytes

Front 71

what is the function of macrophages found in the red pulp of the spleen?

Back 71

removes worn out or defective RBC's, WBC's and platelets by phagocytosis,

Front 72

where does the spleen store blood platelets ?

Back 72

in the red pulp

Front 73

which pulp found in the spleen is responsible for the production of red blood cells during the second trimester of pregnancy?

Back 73

red pulp

Front 74

what major lymphatic organ is often damaged during abdominal trauma?

Back 74

spleen

Front 75

what two types of lymphocytes is the white pulp found in the spleen made of?

Back 75

the white pulp found in the spleen is made of B & T cells

Front 76

What do the T lymphocytes found in the white pulp of the spleen directly destroy and attack?

Back 76

antigens in blood

Front 77

How do the T lymphocytes found in the white pulp of the spleen directly destroy and attack antigens in the blood?

Back 77

cytolysis

Front 78

What do the B cells found in the white pulp in the liver develop into?

Back 78

antibody producing plasma cells

Front 79

what do the antibody producing plasma cells (b cells) found in the white pulp of the liver inactivate in the blood?

Back 79

antigens

Front 80

describe lymphatic nodules?

Back 80

oval-shaped concentrations of lymphatic tissues

Front 81

where are lymphatic nodules found?

Back 81

lymphatic nodules are found in the lamina propria of mucous membranes lining the GI tract,respiratory airway, urinary tract, and reproductive tract.

Front 82

what does MALT stand for?

Back 82

mucous associated lymphatic tissue aka lymphatic nodules

Front 83

what are peyers patches? where are they located?

Back 83

peyers patches are lymphatic nodules in the ileum of the small intestine

Front 84

Tonsils are multiple aggregations of large lymphatic nodules imbedded in a mucous membrane at what junction?

Back 84

the junction of the oral cavity and pharynx

Front 85

what are the three types of tonsils?

Back 85

pharyngeal (adenoid), palatine, lingual tonsils

Front 86

why are tonsils situated strategically to do?

Back 86

tonsils are situated strategically to protect the invasion of foreign substances, and participate in immune responses by producing lymphocytes and antibodies

Front 87

define innate immunity

Back 87

refers to a wide variety of body responses against a wide range of toxins that are present at birth

Front 88

what are the two types of barriers the first line of defense contains?

Back 88

physical and chemical barriers

Front 89

what are examples of physical barriers provided by the first line of defense of the innate immune system?

Back 89

skins epidermis, mucous membranes epithelium, mucus and cellia, lacriminal apparatus,saliva,flow of urine, defecation and vomiting

Front 90

where are the chemical barriers provided by the first line defense localized to

Back 90

the skin

Front 91

what areas of the body are chemical barriers present?

Back 91

loose connective tissue, vagina, stomach

Front 92

what do sebaceous glands secrete that forms a protective film over the skin and acts as a chemical barrier by its acidity inhibiting certain bacteria and fungi?

Back 92

sebum

Front 93

why are sebaceous glands classified as a chemical barrier in the first line of defense?

Back 93

sebum is a chemical barrier in the first line of defense because its acidity inhibits the growth of certain fungi and bacteria.

Front 94

what do la-criminal, salivary, sudoriferus glands secrete that acts as a chemical barrier i the first line of defense?

Back 94

lysozyme

Front 95

what does the stomach produce that acts as a chemical barrier in the first line of defense?

Back 95

gastric juice; its strong acidity kills most bacteria and bacterial toxins

Front 96

What do vaginal glands secrete that inhibit bacterial growth?

Back 96

vaginal secretions

Front 97

What line of defense are antimicrobial proteins, phagocytic and natural killer cells, inflammation and fever involved in?

Back 97

second line of defense

Front 98

what do lymphocyte and macrophage cells , infected with a virus produce?

Back 98

interferons

Front 99

what does interferon induce in neighboring uninfected cells, once it is released from a virus infected cell?

Back 99

interferon induces uninfected cells to synthesize antiviral proteins that interfere with or inhibit viral replication

Front 100

what does a group of 20 proteins present in blood plasma and on cell membranes comprise ?

Back 100

a group of 20 proteins present in blood plasma comprises the complement system.

Front 101

what is the function of the complement system?

Back 101

when the complement system is activated it enhances certain immune , allergic and inflammatory responses

Front 102

How do iron binding proteins inhibit microbial growth?

Back 102

iron binding proteins remove ion from the body fluid thereby inhibiting microbial growth

Front 103

what are natural killer cells?

Back 103

lymphocytes

Front 104

what distinguished natural killer cells from T and B lymphocytes?

Back 104

natural killer cells lack the membrane molecules that identify T and B cells

Front 105

what does natural killer cells have the ability to "kill"?

Back 105

natural killer cells have the ability to kill a wide variety of infectious microbes

Front 106

natural killer cells can release "perforins", what can perforins do to a the plasma membrane of a microbe?

Back 106

perforin can can insert into the plasma membrane of a microbe and make the membrane leaky so that cytolysis occurs

Front 107

what lymphocytes are phagocytic?

Back 107

neutrophils and macrophages

Front 108

what are the three phases of phagocytosis?

Back 108

chemotaxis,adherence,ingestion

Front 109

what is formed after phagocytosis has been accomplished?

Back 109

after phagocytosis has been accomplished a phagolysosome is formed

Front 110

what does the lysozyme in the phagolysosome along with lethal oxidants produced by the phagocyte quickly kill?

Back 110

many types of organisms

Front 111

what are some of the reasons why a microbe may evade phagocytosis ?

Back 111

capsule formation, toxin production,interference with lysozyme secretion, and the microbes ability to counter oxidants produced by the phagocyte

Front 112

what process occurs when cells are damaged by microbes, physical agents, or chemical agents, The injury is often viewed as a form of stress?

Back 112

inflammation

Front 113

what is inflammation usually characterized by?

Back 113

redness , pain , heat , swelling. Loss of function may be a fifth symptom , depending on the site and extent of the injury

Front 114

what are the three basic stages of inflammation?

Back 114

1.vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels
2.phagocyte migration
3.tissue repair

Front 115

what do histamines, kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and compliment all contribute to?

Back 115

inflammation

Front 116

what is the fluid called pus formed from after an inflammation response?

Back 116

the fluid called pus is formed from phagocytes that have engulfed damaged tissue and dies , forming a pocket of dead phagocytes and damaged tissue

Front 117

if puss does not drain out of the body , what does it form?

Back 117

abscess

Front 118

what is fever usually caused by?

Back 118

infection from a virus or bacteria

Front 119

what does the high body temperature during a fever inhibit?

Back 119

bacterial growth and speed up body reaction that aids repair

Front 120

define the term immunity?

Back 120

ability of the body to defend itself against specific foreign substances

Front 121

what are foreign substances that provoke immune responses called?

Back 121

antigens

Front 122

what are the two properties that distinguish adaptive immunity from innate immunity?

Back 122

specificity for particular antigen, memory of previously encountered antigens

Front 123

where do both T and B cells derive from?

Back 123

stem cells in red bone marrow

Front 124

where to T cells become immunocompetent?

Back 124

in the thymus under the influence of thymic hormones

Front 125

Before T cells leave the thymus or B cells leave bone marrow, what do they aqurie?

Back 125

several distinctive surface proteins

Front 126

what are antigen receptors?

Back 126

molecules capable of recognizing antigens

Front 127

what lymphocytes are involved in cell mediated immunitiy(part of adaptive immunity)?

Back 127

T lymphocytes

Front 128

what type of adaptive immunity is particularly effective against intracellular pathogens, such as fungi, parasites, and viruses, some cancer cells , and foreign tissue transplants

Back 128

cell mediated immunity (T cells)

Front 129

what does Cell mediated immunity ALWAYS involve?

Back 129

Cell mediated immunity always involves cells attacking cells.

Front 130

what is antibody-mediated immunity?

Back 130

antibody- mediated immunity refers to destruction of antigens by antibodies

Front 131

what type of adaptive immunity works against antigens dissolved in body fluids, extracellular pathogens, primarily bacteria that multiply in body fluids but rarely enter body cells?

Back 131

antibody-mediated immunity

Front 132

what type of lymphocytes are involved in antibody-mediated immunity?

Back 132

B lymphocytes

Front 133

what cells aids both types of adaptive immunity; cell-mediated & antibody-mediated?

Back 133

helper T cells

Front 134

what is clonal selection?

Back 134

process by which an immune cell proliferates and differentiates in response to a specific antigen

Front 135

what are the two major types of cells that result from clonal selection?

Back 135

effector cells, memory cells

Front 136

what are effector cells?

Back 136

effector cells are the cells that actually do the work to destroy the antigen

Front 137

what are examples of effector cells?

Back 137

helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, plasma cells

Front 138

what is the function of memory cells?

Back 138

provide a faster second invasion response by proliferating and differentiating into effector cells

Front 139

what are examples of memory cells?

Back 139

memory helper T cells, memory cytotoxic T cells, and memory B cells

Front 140

what are the two important characteristics of antigens?

Back 140

immunogenicity, reactivity

Front 141

what does the term "immunogenicity" mean?

Back 141

an antigens ability to provoke an immune response by stimulating antibody production, T cell proliferation or both.

Front 142

what does the term "reactivity" mean regarding the two important characteristics of a an antigen?

Back 142

an antigens ability to react with antibodies or T cells

Front 143

What are the specific portions of an antigen that trigger immune responses?

Back 143

epitopes or antigenic determinants

Front 144

what are antigens made of most often?

Back 144

proteins

Front 145

what is the human immune systems ability to recognize and bind to at least a billion different epitopes is due to?

Back 145

the ability is due to the immune systems billion different antigen receptors

Front 146

what is antigen rector diversity due to?

Back 146

genetic recombination during lymphocyte development.

Front 147

why does each B cell or T cell have a unique antigen receptor?

Back 147

B cells or T cells have unique antigen receptors due genetic recombination.

Front 148

where are major histocompatibility complex antigens located?

Back 148

plasma membrane of body cells

Front 149

what is the name of the "self antigen" that helps T-cells recognize that a foreign antigen is not "self"

Back 149

MHAC antigens

Front 150

what are the two MHC antigen classes?

Back 150

MHC-1 antigens, MHC 2 antigens

Front 151

what class of MHC antigens are in the plasma membrane of all body cells except red blood cells?

Back 151

MHC-i

Front 152

where are MHC ii antigens located?

Back 152

MHC ii antigens are located in the plasma membrane of antigen-presenting cells

Front 153

what must happen for an immune response to occur?

Back 153

foreign antigens must bind antigen receptors on B and T cells in lymphoid tissue or circulating throughout the body

Front 154

which type of cell can bind directly to antigens?

Back 154

B cells

Front 155

T-cells can only recognize antigens that have been processed and presented by what type of cell?

Back 155

antigen presenting cells (APC's; dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells)

Front 156

describe antigen processing?

Back 156

APC breaks antigen down into fragments and binds it to MHC

Front 157

describe antigen presentation

Back 157

APC inserts antigen-MHC complexes into it plasma membrane

Front 158

What are the steps in processing and presenting exogenous antigens

Back 158

1.APC ingests exogenous antigen
2.APC digests antigen into fragments
3.APC synthesizes MHC-ii molecules
4.APC binds antigen fragments to MHC-ii molecules
5.APC inserts MHC-ii complexes into plasma membrane

Front 159

where do APC cells migrate to after processing exogenous antigens?

Back 159

APC cells migrate to lymphatic tissue to present the antigen to T cells

Front 160

what does the presentation of exogenous antigen bound to MHC-ii inform T cells?

Back 160

that intruders are in the body

Front 161

what are endogenous antigens?

Back 161

antigens that were synthesized in the body

Front 162

what are the steps in processing and presenting endogenous antigens?

Back 162

1.infected body cell digests endogenous antigen into fragments.
2.infect body cell synthesized MHC-1 molecules
3.infected body cell binds antigen fragments to MHC-1 molecules
4.infected body cells insert MHC-i into its plasma membrane

Front 163

what does presentation of endogenous antigen bound MHC-i signal?

Back 163

that a cell is infected and needs help

Front 164

what does cell-mediated immunity begin?

Back 164

a cell mediated immune response begins when an antigen activates a T cell by binding with its antigen receptor.

Front 165

after an antigen has activated a T cell by binding to a receptor, activated T cells proliferate and differentiate into a clone of cells that can recognize what?

Back 165

the same antigen as the activated T cell

Front 166

what type of cell carries out immune response after activated T cells have proliferated and differentiated into a clone of cells to recognize the same antigen as the activated T-cell?

Back 166

effector cells

Front 167

what are the two steps required for a T cell to become activated?

Back 167

antigen recognition, co-stimulation

Front 168

explain the step "antigen recognition" that is required for a T cell to become activated?

Back 168

T cell receptor recognizes and binds to antigen MHC complex. CD4 or CD8 coreceptors bind to MHC and help maintain coupling during antigen recognition.

Front 169

which of the two steps in activation of T cells is analogous to starting a car before putting it in gear?

Back 169

antigen recognition

Front 170

what step in activation of T cells is analogous to putting the car into gear?

Back 170

costimulation

Front 171

what other signal can a T cell receive during co-stimulation in order to activate a T cell?

Back 171

chemical signal (interleukin), or mechanical (T cell binding to other receptors on the APC)

Front 172

what does the two step activation required to activate T cells prevent?

Back 172

cell-mediated immune response from occuring accidently

Front 173

what do T cells that display CD4 protein develop into , when activated by an APC?

Back 173

helper T cells

Front 174

what does a helper T cell form once it is activated?

Back 174

clone of active helper T cells and memory helper T cells

Front 175

what do activated T helper cells secrete?

Back 175

interleukin

Front 176

what is interleukin that is secreted by activated T helper cells need for?

Back 176

co-stimulation of all immune responses

Front 177

what are the specific immune responses that interleukin co-stimulates?

Back 177

T helper cells, cytotoxic T cells, B cells, enhances natural killer cells activity

Front 178

why do memory T helper cells remain in the body after the immune system destroys the antigen that stimulated their production?

Back 178

so memory t cells can quickly proliferate and differentiate into more active T helper cells and memory T helper cells if the antigen returns

Front 179

what do T cells that display CD8 protein develop into?

Back 179

cytotoxic T cells

Front 180

what type of cells do cytotoxic t cells recognize and bind to

Back 180

MHC-i complex presented on a ; microbe-infected body cell, some tumor cells, cells of tissue transplants,

Front 181

what happens once a cytotoxic T cell is activated?

Back 181

forms a clone of active cytotoxic T cells and memory cytotoxic t cells

Front 182

how do cytotoxic t cells fight foreign invaders?

Back 182

by killing the target cells (cell that bears the same antigen that stimulated production of the cytotoxic t cell)

Front 183

what do cytotoxic t cells release that trigger apoptosis?

Back 183

granzymes

Front 184

what do cytotoxic t cells release that trigger cytolysis of infected cells?

Back 184

perforins

Front 185

what does anti-body mediated immune system target?

Back 185

processed pathogens

Front 186

how does an anti-body mediated immune response begin?

Back 186

antigen activates B cell by binding to its antigen receptor

Front 187

what do plasma cells secrete that help the immune system eliminate an antigen?

Back 187

antibodie

Front 188

what is the next step in an anti-body mediated immune response after an antigen has activated a B cell receptor

Back 188

activated b cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells and memory b cells

Front 189

what is the function of plasma cell?

Back 189

secrete antibodies that help the immune system eliminate the antigen

Front 190

explain the process of co stimulation to activate a B cell

Back 190

some antigen is taken into the B cells , combined with MHC-ii , and moved to the B cell surface, T helper cell recognized the antigen-MHC-ii combination and secretes IL-2 which co-stimulates the B cell

Front 191

what must a helper T cell secrete to activate a B cell is the co-stimulation step?

Back 191

IL-2

Front 192

what can an ONLY combined with?

Back 192

epitope on the antibody that triggered its production

Front 193

where is IgG found?

Back 193

lymph,blood, GI tract

Front 194

what does IgG protect against?

Back 194

bacteria and viruses

Front 195

what is the only antibody to cross the placenta?

Back 195

igG

Front 196

why is the igG protein considered to provide considerable protection to a new born?

Back 196

only antibody to cross the placenta

Front 197

what is the most abundant blood antibody?

Back 197

igG

Front 198

what antibody protect mucous membranes against bacteria and viruses?

Back 198

IgA

Front 199

where is IgA found?

Back 199

blood and secretions like sweat, tears, mucous, breast milk, saliva, GI secretions

Front 200

where is IgM found ?

Back 200

blood and lymph

Front 201

what is the first antibody to be secreted by plasma cells after antigen exposure?

Back 201

IgM

Front 202

what antibody is located on b cells and acts as a b cell receptor?

Back 202

IgD

Front 203

what two antibodies are an early indicator of an infection?

Back 203

IgD, IgM

Front 204

which antibody includes anti-a and anti-b antibodies?

Back 204

IgM

Front 205

what antibody is located on mast cells and basophils?

Back 205

IgE

Front 206

what type of reactions are IgE involved with?

Back 206

allergic and hypersensitivity reactions

Front 207

which type of antibody provides protection from parasitic worms?

Back 207

IgE

Front 208

what actions do antibodies use to disable antigens?

Back 208

antigen neutralizers, bacterial immobilization, antigen agglutination and precipitation, complement activation, phagocytosis enhancement

Front 209

what is the compliment system?

Back 209

group of about 20 proteins present in blood plasma and on cell membranes

Front 210

what does compliment enhance when activated?

Back 210

phagocytosis , cytolysis, inflammation

Front 211

why is immunization against certain microbes possible?

Back 211

memory b cells and memory t cells remain after primary response to an antigen

Front 212

how does the secondary response provide protection from an antigen?

Back 212

provides protection should the same microbe enter the body again. It delivers a far greater antibody titer(amount of antibody in serum) than the primary response

Front 213

what is naturally acquired active immunity?

Back 213

primary response to an attacking microbes antigens; forms anti-body secreteing plasma cells and cytotoxic t cells, forms memory b and t cells

Front 214

what is naturally acquired passive immunity?

Back 214

transfer of antibodies from mother to baby via IgA through placenta and breast milk

Front 215

what is artificially acquired immunity?

Back 215

primary response to a vaccination, has same affect as naturally acquired active immunity

Front 216

what is artificially acquired passive immunity?

Back 216

intravenous injection of antibodies, has same affect of naturally acquired passive immunity

Front 217

what do T cells undergo to insure that they can recognize self-MHC antigens?

Back 217

positive selection

Front 218

What happens to T-cells that cannot recognize self-MHC antigens?

Back 218

they are destroyed

Front 219

what do T cells that undergo postive selection also go through to ensure that they do not react to other self-proteins?

Back 219

negative selection

Front 220

what do T cells that react with self antigens undergo?

Back 220

deletion , or anergy

Front 221

what does the term anergy mean?

Back 221

the t cell is inactivated

Front 222

what does the psychneuroimmunology field research show about thoughts, feelings, moods and beliefs?

Back 222

that they have an effect on course of disease

Front 223

what happens to the immune system with the advancement of age?

Back 223

functions less effectively

Front 224

what happens to cellular and humoral responses with the advancement of age?

Back 224

they diminish

Front 225

what happens to the response of vaccines with the advancement of age?

Back 225

response decreases and more auto antibodies are produced