Anatomy And Physiology 2: Unit 2--Lymphatic System

Front 1

Define Lymphatic system

Back 1

made up of liquid called lymph.

Front 2

Which 5 structures are included in the lymphatic system?

Back 2

1. spleen
2. tonsils
3. Peyer's patches
4. thymus gland
5. lymph vessels

Front 3

What 2 parts is the lymphatic system made up of?

Back 3

1. lymph vessels used to transport lymph
2. collection of lymphoid structures to protect against disease

Front 4

Name 2 functions of the lymphatic system

Back 4

1. transports excess interstitial fluid back into blood
2. protecting against disease

Front 5

Define Lymph

Back 5

excess interstitial fluid that contains small proteins not reabsorbed back into blood.

Front 6

What is the function of lymphatics?

Back 6

to transport lymph back to the blood

Front 7

Where are lymph vessels NOT located?

Back 7

bone marrow, CNS, and splenic pulp

Front 8

With what are lymph vessels always associated?

Back 8

vascular capillaries

Front 9

What do both ducts have in common?

Back 9

they both dump into the venous circulation

Front 10

What drains lymph from the right sides of the head, neck, thorax, and arm?

Back 10

the right lymphatic duct

Front 11

What drains everything but the right arm, thorax, neck, and head?

Back 11

thoracic duct

Front 12

Name the four lymphoid "cells"

Back 12

1. lymphocytes
2. dendritic cells
3. reticular fibers
4. macrophages

Front 13

Fixed macrophages make up what system?

Back 13

Reticuloendothelial system

Front 14

Give another name for the reticuloendothelial system

Back 14

Mononuclear phagocytic system

Front 15

Where are Dendritic cells found?

Back 15

in the lymph nodes and spleen

Front 16

What is the Dendritic cell's function?

Back 16

to activate immune system cells

Front 17

What is are the functions of reticular fibers?

Back 17

they form the framework of most lymphoid organs and serve as attachment points for fixed macrophages

Front 18

What is the function of lymphoid tissue?

Back 18

to be a surveillance for pathogens

Front 19

Give the 2 categories of lymphoid tissue

Back 19

1. diffuse
2. lymphoid nodules

Front 20

Where is diffuse lymphoid tissue found?

Back 20

lymph nodes and spleen

Front 21

Describe Lymphoid nodules (or follicles)

Back 21

1. spherical and discrete
2. contain large cluster of B cells to make plasma cells
3. found in mucous membrane and in large numbers in lymph nodes and spleen

Front 22

What are the primary lymphatic organs?

Back 22

1. bone marrow
2. thymus gland

Front 23

What are made in the primary lymphatic organs?

Back 23

B and T cells

Front 24

What are the secondary lymphatic organs?

Back 24

1. Spleen
2. Lymph nodes

Front 25

What is the function of secondary lymphatic organs?

Back 25

immune cell activity

Front 26

Define Lymph Nodes

Back 26

Discrete units of lymphoid tissue located entire length of lymphatic system and attached to lymph vessels

Front 27

Name the four clusters of lymph nodes

Back 27

1. cervical cluster
2. submandibular cluster
3. axillary cluster
4. inguinal cluster

Front 28

Where is the cervical cluster?

Back 28

near the internal jugualr vein

Front 29

What does the cervical cluster filter?

Back 29

lymph from the head and neck region

Front 30

What does the submandibular cluster filter?

Back 30

lymph from lips, nose, and teeth

Front 31

What does the axillary cluster filter?

Back 31

lymph from the underarm and chest region

Front 32

Which 2 lymph vessels serve each lymph node?

Back 32

afferent and efferent lymph vessels

Front 33

Which cells do lymph nodes contain?

Back 33

Both T and B cells

Front 34

Where does an afferent lymph vessel move lymph?

Back 34

into a node

Front 35

Where does an efferent lymph vessel move lymph?

Back 35

drains it OUT of the node

Front 36

What is the largest lymphoid organ?

Back 36

the spleen

Front 37

Which blood vessels serve the spleen?

Back 37

splenic artery and splenic vein

Front 38

What are the 2 parts that the spleen is divided into?

Back 38

1. red pulp
2. white pulp

Front 39

What makes up red pulp?

Back 39

venous sinuses

Front 40

What makes up white pulp?

Back 40

lymphocytes

Front 41

Where are platelets stored?

Back 41

in the spleen

Front 42

in the fetus, where are RBCs made?

Back 42

the spleen

Front 43

What hormone does the thymus gland produce?

Back 43

thymosine

Front 44

When is the thymus gland most active?

Back 44

in infancy and childhood

Front 45

Where is the thymus gland located?

Back 45

in the inferior region of the neck.

Front 46

Define tonsils

Back 46

masses of lymphatic nodules

Front 47

List the 3 sets of tonsils

Back 47

1. palatines
2. lingual
3. pharyngeal

Front 48

Where are the palatines?

Back 48

on either side of the posterior end of the oral cavity

Front 49

Where are the linguals located?

Back 49

at the base of the tongue

Front 50

Where are the pharyngeal tonsils located?

Back 50

on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx

Front 51

What is the function of tonsils?

Back 51

to filter out foreign cells

Front 52

Define Peyer's patches

Back 52

tonsils in the small intestine

Front 53

What do Peyer's patches protect against?

Back 53

digestive tract infections

Front 54

Define MALT

Back 54

Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue; includes tonsils and peyer's patches

Front 55

Define GALT

Back 55

Gut associated lymphoid tissue; includes tonsils and Peyer's patches

Front 56

What are the 2 categories of defense mechanisms?

Back 56

1. non-specific defense mechanisms
2. specific defense mechanisms

Front 57

What characterizes non-specific defense mechanisms?

Back 57

protect against a large variety of pathogens at the same time

Front 58

What characterizes specific defense mechanisms?

Back 58

protect against specific pathogens

Front 59

Which defense mechanism is innate?

Back 59

the non-specific defense mechanism

Front 60

What is your first line of defense?

Back 60

skin and mucous membrane

Front 61

What is your second line of defense?

Back 61

phagocytic cells

Front 62

Every time you are exposed to a particular pathogen, the innate response is exactly _____ ______

Back 62

the same

Front 63

What contributes to healthy skin and, therefore, a better defense to bacteria?

Back 63

Dry skin, the keratin seals bacteria out, acidity of skin, seabum and perspiration contributes to the barrier

Front 64

What do tears and saliva contain that contribute to defense for you?

Back 64

Lysozymes

Front 65

How does defensin contribute to defend you from pathogens?

Back 65

It pokes holes in the cell membrane of bacterial walls

Front 66

Where is transferrin found?

Back 66

in blood

Front 67

How does transferrin contribute to defense?

Back 67

it binds to iron so that the bacteria can't get the iron. They die of iron deficiency.

Front 68

Where is lactoferrin found and what does it bind to?

Back 68

mother's milk and Iron

Front 69

What are natural killer cells good at carrying out?

Back 69

penetrating microbes that get through skin and mucous membrane

Front 70

how are natural killer cells significantly different from B and T cells?

Back 70

they are not preprogrammed for a specific pathogen.

Front 71

Where are natural killer cells found in the body?

Back 71

blood, lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow.

Front 72

What do natural killer cells use to kill pathogens?

Back 72

chemicals

Front 73

What are he 4 symptoms that always come of inflammation?

Back 73

1. redness
3. swelling
3. heat
4. pain

Front 74

name four chemicals that trigger inflammation

Back 74

1. histamine
2. kinin
3. leukotrienes
3. prostaglandins

Front 75

What makes interferon?

Back 75

macrophages, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts

Front 76

Define Intron A

Back 76

human Interferon made by E. coli

Front 77

Define Complement

Back 77

group of 26 proteins on blood cells membranes

Front 78

Give 3 functions of Complements

Back 78

1.Enhances inflammation
2.Opsonization
3.Cytolysis

Front 79

Define Opsonization

Back 79

process that enhances phagocytosis

Front 80

Define Cytolysis

Back 80

breakdown of a cell; pokes holes in cell membrane

Front 81

Define C reactive protein

Back 81

specific compliment molecule that’s produced by the liver when you have an active inflammation reaction produced in the body.

Front 82

Define cytokines

Back 82

chemicals produced by certain cells that deliver chemical messages to another kind of cell

Front 83

Give 3 examples of Cytokines

Back 83

1. interferons
2. interleukin
3. colony stimulating factor

Front 84

What is the "3rd line of defense"?

Back 84

The specific defense mechanisms

Front 85

What are 3 important factors of Specific defense mechanisms?

Back 85

1.Specificity
2.Systemic
3. Once you have it, it has memory

Front 86

What are the 2 types of immune responses for the specific defense mechanisms?

Back 86

1. humoral immunity
2. cellular immunity

Front 87

Which type of cells are used for humoral immunity?

Back 87

B cells

Front 88

What else is Humoral immunity called?

Back 88

antibody-mediated immune response

Front 89

Which cells are in Cellular immunity?

Back 89

killer T cells

Front 90

What 5 substances does cellular immunity protect against?

Back 90

1. intracellular viruses
2. fungi
3. protozoa
4. cancer cells
5. transplant cells.

Front 91

What does humoral immunity protect against?

Back 91

1. extracellular bacteria
2. viruses
3. bacterial toxins

Front 92

Define Antigen

Back 92

any substance that when injected into an organism elicits an immune response.

Front 93

Define Immunogenicity

Back 93

ability of an antigen to stimulate an immune response

Front 94

Define Reactivity

Back 94

the ability of an antigen to react with a preformed antibody or sensitized T cell.

Front 95

Define Complete Antigen

Back 95

antigen that has immunogenicity and reactivity

Front 96

Define Epitope

Back 96

part of antigen that the immune system sees, recognizes and responds to.

Front 97

Define Hapten

Back 97

molecule that is too small for immunogenicity but will react with a preformed antibody or sensitized T cell.

Front 98

Define Major Histocompatibility Complex Antigen

Back 98

glycoproteins that are found on the cell membrane of every cell in you except RBCs

Front 99

Define Human Leukocyte Antigen

Back 99

subgroup of MHC antigens located specifically on Leukocytes

Front 100

What is responsible for organ rejection?

Back 100

HLA's

Front 101

What does the T in T cell stand for?

Back 101

Thymus gland, where it was derived from.

Front 102

What does the B in B cell stand for?

Back 102

Bone Marrow

Front 103

Define Immunocompetence

Back 103

the ability of an immune system cell to recognize and respond to a specific antigen.

Front 104

Which cells is antigen processing carried out by?

Back 104

by macrophages, dendritic cells, and activated B cells.

Front 105

Describe antigen processing

Back 105

1. Macrophages are located in places that microbes enter to carry out phagocytosis. When it eats it up, it destroys all of the pathogen except for the epitope. The epitope gets inserted into the macrophage’s own membrane. It carries this epitope to the B cells and inserts it to the B cell with the same receptor site.

Front 106

Define Cross Reaction

Back 106

a specific antibody is able to react with more than one antigen. Occurs when antigens are incredibly similar.

Front 107

Define Antigenic Challenge

Back 107

the very first encounter between an antigen and your immune system.

Front 108

Which cells are involved in antigenic challenge?

Back 108

B cells that clone into memory B cells and plasma cells

Front 109

In which organs does antigenic processing take place?

Back 109

Lymph nodes and spleen

Front 110

Why are plasma cells important in antigenic processing?

Back 110

produces identical antibody to trigger reaction.

Front 111

Which are faster at responding to a second infection, B cells or Plasma cells?

Back 111

Neither. Memory B cells. HAHA!

Front 112

What cell is responsible for long-term protection?

Back 112

Memory B cell

Front 113

what are 2 other names for antibodies?

Back 113

gamma globulins and Immunoglobulins.

Front 114

Describe, briefly, the composition of an antibody.

Back 114

It has at least 2 heavy polypeptide chains and 2 light polypeptide chains

Front 115

Define Variable part of the antibody, including why it is important to the antibody.

Back 115

the tips of the chains that provides the 3-d fit for antigen to fit.

Front 116

Define Constant region and why it is important.

Back 116

the portion of the polypeptide chain that does not change from class to class but determines the antibody class

Front 117

Name the 5 classes of antibodies

Back 117

1. IgG
2. IgA
3. IgE
4. IgD
5. IgM

Front 118

What does IgG protect you against?

Back 118

bacteria, bacterial toxins, and extracellular viruses.

Front 119

Which antibody is on the cell membrane of B cells?

Back 119

IgD

Front 120

Which antibody funcions as the receptor site of the B cells?

Back 120

IgD

Front 121

Which antibody occurs in small amounts?

Back 121

IgD

Front 122

Which antibody is on the cell membrane of the MAST cell?

Back 122

IgE

Front 123

What is a chemical that strongly attracts phagocytic cells?

Back 123

Histamine

Front 124

What chemical does a MAST cell contain?

Back 124

Histamine

Front 125

Which antibody protects against parasitic infections?

Back 125

IgE

Front 126

Which antibody is "the antibody of allergies"?

Back 126

IgE

Front 127

Define Plasma Cells

Back 127

Cells that make and secrete antibody for antigen

Front 128

Which cell can eliminate antibodies?

Back 128

B cells

Front 129

Define memory B cells

Back 129

Responds immediately to subsequent exposures

Front 130

Which cells destroy the antigen when cloned?

Back 130

Killer T cells

Front 131

Which cells provide long-term protection?

Back 131

Memory B cells

Front 132

Define Helper T cell (T4 Cells)

Back 132

Function to help intensify immune responses

Front 133

Define Suppressor T cell

Back 133

T cell that functions by reducing an immune system response when you don't need it any longer

Front 134

Define Delayed Hypersensitivity T cell

Back 134

T cell that has immunocompetence BUT they themselves don't get rid of antigen. They call macrophage to get rid of antigen.

Front 135

Define Immunologic Memory

Back 135

Long-term protection against a specific antigen

Front 136

What type of response does a memory B cell respond to?

Back 136

Secondary response

Front 137

Define Secondary Response

Back 137

Any subsequent exposure from the primary response

Front 138

Which antibody is known for only producing a primary response?

Back 138

IgM

Front 139

Define Active Immunity

Back 139

Your body produces immune protection

Front 140

which antibodies fix complement?

Back 140

IgM
IgG

Front 141

Which antibody activates B cells?

Back 141

IgD

Front 142

Does the antibody destroy antigen?

Back 142

no. it just targets it for destruction

Front 143

Which cells fight off intracellular viruses?

Back 143

T cells

Front 144

What are the 2 major populations of T cells?

Back 144

1. Helper T cells
2. Killer T cells

Front 145

What is a CD8 or T8 cell?

Back 145

Killer T cell

Front 146

What is a CD4 or T4 cell?

Back 146

Helper T cell

Front 147

Which cell is responsible for destroying foreign antigens

Back 147

Killer T cell

Front 148

Which cell is responsible for helping intensify immune system responses

Back 148

Helper T cell

Front 149

Define Antigen Processing

Back 149

macrophage locates appropriate T cell for the destruction of the pathogen and forms a clone.

Front 150

Which cells are involved in antigen processing and respond quickly to infection?

Back 150

Memory T cells

Front 151

What do helper T cells secrete?

Back 151

Cytokines to tell B or T cells to divide

Front 152

immunologic memory is due to which cells?

Back 152

B and T cells

Front 153

Define Vaccine

Back 153

A suspension of antigen that when injected into a human stimulates an immune response

Front 154

Define Killed whole vaccine

Back 154

grow bacteria in lab and add chemical to vaccine that will kill them then put in a vaccine.

Front 155

Define Attenuated vaccine

Back 155

microbe is alive but it has been altered to not make you sick.

Front 156

Define Toxoid vaccine

Back 156

take toxin from bacteria and suspend it into vaccine

Front 157

What's the advantage of an attenuated viral vaccine over a killed virus vaccine?

Back 157

it provides close to lifelong protection

Front 158

Describe herd immunity

Back 158

everyone gets vaccinated but the few who it doesn’t work on will probably be ok because they aren’t surrounded by infected

Front 159

What are the 2 ways that cancer cells can change from regular cells?

Back 159

i.Divides
ii.MHC changes

Front 160

What happens if the MHC changes on a cancer cell?

Back 160

the cancer cell is now a foreign cell and Cytotoxic/killer T cells destroy it.

Front 161

What is PSA?

Back 161

antigen found on prostate cancer cells

Front 162

Based on MHC markers which categories are the organ transplant divided into?

Back 162

1-autograft
2-isograft
3-allograft
4-xenograft

Front 163

Describe Autograft

Back 163

donor is recipient. Transplanting from one part of body to another. Best kind

Front 164

Describe Isograft

Back 164

donor is identical twin

Front 165

Describe Xenograft

Back 165

between different species

Front 166

Define Allograft

Back 166

donor is genetically different from recipient in same species. Most common.

Front 167

What are the 4 criteria for Allograft organ donating?

Back 167

1.Have to match blood type
2.Have to match HLA’s
3.Check recipient for antibodies to donor’s MHC antigens.
4.Have to check for comparable sizes.

Front 168

Define immunosuppresive drugs

Back 168

suppress immune responses. Shut down both B cells and T cells.

Front 169

Define Graft vs. Host disease

Back 169

donated tissue/organ mounts an immune attack against recipient. Occurs mostly in bone marrow transplant.

Front 170

Define immunodeficiency

Back 170

Individual’s immune system either cannot produce an immune response or cannot maintain an immune response. Repeated infections.

Front 171

Define primary immunodeficiency and give an example.

Back 171

born with it; SCID

Front 172

Define Secondary immunodeficiency and give an example

Back 172

not born with it;HIV/AIDS

Front 173

Define autoimmune disease

Back 173

Individual loses immunologic tolerance. Loses the ability to discriminate between self and non-self. Antibodies destroy self antigens.

Front 174

Give 6 examples of autoimmune diseases

Back 174

1. rheumatic fever
2. rheumatoid arthritis
3. grave's disease
4. lupus
5. diabetes mellitus I
6. multiple sclerosis

Front 175

What is another name given to a hypersensitivity reaction?

Back 175

Allergy reaction

Front 176

name the 4 types of hypersensitivity reactions in order of type

Back 176

1. immediate hypersensitivity
2. cytotoxic hypersensitivity
3. Immune Complex hypersensitivity
4. Delayed Hypersensitivity (or cell-mediated)

Front 177

Give 2 examples of immediate hypersensitivity

Back 177

Asthma and Hives

Front 178

Give an example of cytotoxic hypersensitivity

Back 178

clumping b/c of mismatched blood

Front 179

Give an example of Immune Complex hypersensitivity

Back 179

rheumatoid arthritis

Front 180

What is actually happening in immune complex hypersensitivity?

Back 180

1.Eosinophils eat up antigen-antibody complexes.
2.Phagocytic cells can’t keep up with immune complexes and they accumulate, which triggers inflammation reaction that destroys neighboring tissues.

Front 181

Give 3 examples of Delayed Hypersensitivity (or cell-mediated)

Back 181

1. poison ivy
2. allergy to soap/perfume
3. allergy to nickel

Front 182

Which cells cause Delayed Hypersensitivity (or cell-mediated)?

Back 182

T cells