Anatomy Lymphatic System Review

Front 1

Lymphatic system functions (4)

Back 1

1. To return tissue fluid + proteins back to bloodstream from interstitium

2. To transport products of fat digestion (chylomicrons)

3. To filter bacteria + other harmful substances from body's fluids

4. To manufacture lymphocytes + antibodies

Front 2

Lymph

Back 2

Clear/straw-coloured fluid circulating in lymphatic system

Front 3

Composition of lymph

Back 3

Similar to blood plasma but lower in protein as larger protein molecules cannot leave blood capillaries

Front 4

2 places lymph composition undergoes change

Back 4

1. Small intestine - higher levels of fat (chyle)

2. Liver

Front 5

Lymphatic vessels begin...

Back 5

In body tissues as tiny mesh of lymph capillaries, slowly link up as they move toward heart

Front 6

2 lymphatic ducts lymph vessels will drain into one of

Back 6

1. Right + left lymphatic ducts

2. Cisterna chyll (thoracic duct)

Front 7

Lymphatic ducts drain into

Back 7

Cranial vena cava, near right atrium and return fluid to the heart.

Front 8

Lymph nodes

Back 8

Small round structures made up of lymphoid tissue, found interspersed throughout lymphatic system

Front 9

Lymph node function

Back 9

Filters lymph that flows through as it returns to bloodstream

Front 10

Macrophages in lymph nodes function

Back 10

Remove harmful contaminants from lymph

Front 11

Lymphocytes

Back 11

Produced in lymph nodes and are released into lymph

Front 12

Lymphocytes enter bloodstream when

Back 12

Lymph drains into cranial vena cava

Front 13

Lacteal

Back 13

Projection of lymph vessel where digested fat is absorbed

Front 14

Thymus gland

Back 14

Important site for T-lymphocyte maturation

Front 15

Tonsils are full of

Back 15

Lymphocytes

Front 16

The spleen contains

Back 16

Numerous macrophages

Front 17

Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT)

Back 17

Found in small intestinal mucosa, also known as Peyer's Patches (aggregated lymphatic nodules)

Front 18

Movement of materials to lymph vessels occurs by

Back 18

Hydrostatic pressure and osmosis

Front 19

Hydrostatic pressure in capillaries compared to interstitial areas

Back 19

30 mmHg compared to 0

Front 20

The pressure differential between capillaries and interstitial areas does what

Back 20

Forced fluids from capillary bed into tissue spaces

Front 21

What will remain within the capillaries even with pressure difference

Back 21

Large protein molecules, blood cells and similar materials

Front 22

Lymph vessels transport

Back 22

Interstitial fluid to veins of circulatory system

Front 23

As hydrostatic pressure of blood in capillaries drops, the osmotic effect of retained substances increases until

Back 23

At venule side of capillary bed it has become half as great as hydrostatic pressure on arterial side

Front 24

Osmotic pressure does what

Back 24

Pulls tissue fluids back into bloodstream with dissolved waste products

Front 25

Hydrostasis and osmosis (6)

Back 25

1. Pressure differential or capillaries and interstitial areas forces fluids from capillary bed into tissue spaces

2. Large protein molecules, blood cells and similar materials remain within capillaries

3. Hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood drops, osmotic effect of retained substances increases

4. Venule side of capillary bed has become half as great as hydrostatic pressure on arterial side

5. Osmotic pressure pulls tissue fluids back into bloodstream together with dissolved waste products

6. Transference of excess interstitial fluid directly to lymphatic vessels occurs at same time

Front 26

Sinoatrial node/pacemaker

Back 26

Electrochemical activator built into cardiac muscle

Front 27

Parts of hearts electrical conduction system (5)

Back 27

1. Pacemaker

2. AV node

3. Bundle branches

4. Bundle of His

5. Purkinje fibers

Front 28

Cardiac electrical impulse (7)

Back 28

1. Electrical impulse initiated by SA node

2. Impulse spreads out over atria, both contract

3. Depolarizes AV node

4. Conducting fibers (Av bundle or bundle of His)

5. Down right and left bundle branches

6. Bundle of His distributes charge over medial surface of ventricles

7. Contraction of ventricles is stimulated by the Purkinje fibers to the myocardium

Front 29

ECG

Back 29

Recording of electrical changes as they accompany the cardiac cycle

Front 30

P wave

Back 30

Atrial depolarization — spread of an impulse from SA node through both atria

Front 31

QRS complex

Back 31

Atrial depolarization, ventricular depolarization - spread of impulses across ventricles

Front 32

T wave

Back 32

Ventricular repolarization

Front 33

First heart sound (3)

Back 33

1. Occurs when AV valves close at beginning of ventricular contraction

2. Generated by vibration of blood and ventricular wall

3. Louder, longer, more resonant than second heart sound

Front 34

Second heart sound (3)

Back 34

1. Occurs when aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves close at beginning of ventricular dilation

2. Generated by vibration of blood and aorta

3. Aortic valve closes slightly before pulmonary valve

Front 35

Regulation of heart is affected by

Back 35

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation

Front 36

Cardioacceleratory/pressor centre

Back 36

A group of neurons within medulla

Front 37

Stemming from cardioacceleratory/pressor centre (path + innervate)

Back 37

Sympathetic nerve fibres that travel down a tract in spinal cord and then pass outward in cardiac nerves to innervate SA node, AV node and portions of myocardium

Front 38

Stimulation of cardioacceleratory centre

Back 38

Causes nervous impulses to travel along sympathetic fibers. Norepinephrine is released and causes increased HR and strength of contraction

Front 39

Cardio inhibitory centre is made up of

Back 39

Parasympathetic fibers (vagus nerve)

Front 40

Stimulation of cardio inhibitory centre causes

Back 40

Release of acetylcholine ACh which acts on SA node and AV node, causing decreased HR and strength of contraction

Front 41

Norepinephrine is what

Back 41

Catecholamine

Front 42

Baroreceptors

Back 42

Nerve cells capable of responding to changes in blood pressure and affect HR

Front 43

Baroreceptors involved in 3 reflex pathways

Back 43

1. Carotid sinus reflex (arterial BP)

2. Aortic reflex (arterial BP)

3. Atrial reflex (venous BP)

Front 44

Carotid sinus reflex (4)

Back 44

1. Maintains normal BP in brain

2. Baroreceptors in walls of carotid sinus

3. Increase in BP stretches walls - stimulus

4. Decreased HR and strength of contraction -> Decreased cardiac output and arterial pressure

Front 45

Aortic reflex (2)

Back 45

1. Baroreceptors in walls of aortic arch

2. Same actions result as carotid sinus reflex

Front 46

3. Right Heart/Atrial reflex (3)

Back 46

1. Responds to venous BP

2. Initiated by baroreceptors in caudal vena cava and right atrium

3. When venous BP increases baroreceptors stimulate cardioacceleratory centre

Front 47

Epinephrine (hormonal control)

Back 47

Hormone produced by adrenal gland that increases excitability of SA node, and rate + strength of contraction.

Front 48

Thyroxin (hormonal control)

Back 48

Released by thyroid gland, increases heart rate.

Front 49

What is necessary for proper cardiac function?

Back 49

A proper balance between sodium, calcium and potassium in blood plasma

Front 50

Calcium

Back 50

Necesary for contraction of heart muscle. Excess causes increased HR and strength of contraction

Front 51

Potassium

Back 51

Interferes with generation of nerve impulses, decreases HR and strength of contraction

Front 52

Sodium

Back 52

Interferes with calcium participation in muscle contraction, decreases HR and strength of contraction

Front 53

Chemoreceptor reflex (3)

Back 53

1. Stimulated by decreased oxygen and/or pH

2. Stimulated by increased CO2

3. More important in regulating breathing than cardiac function

Front 54

Proprioceptor reflex

Back 54

Stimulated by muscle and joint movement, increases heart rate during exercise.

Front 55

Increased body temp vs decreased

Back 55

Causes AV node to discharge impulses faster (increased HR) vs. Causes decrease HR and strength of contraction