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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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superior/cranial
inferior/caudal ventral dorsal |
towards the head
towards the lower portiion belly back |
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anterior
posterior midline medial |
ventral
dorsal towards midline |
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lateral
proximal distal deep superficial |
away from midline
portion nearest trunk farther from trunk away from surface near surface |
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Sagittal plane
Midsagittal plane coronal/frontal plane transverse plane |
divides into left & right
sagittal through midline divides dorsal and ventral divides cranial and caudal |
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Epithelial Tissue
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Location: Cover body, line cavities
Functions: protection, absorption, secretion, gas exchange, filtration cells tightly connected by tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions. |
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Connective Tissue
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Location/Function: bind organs or other tissues together provide support or nourishment to various tissues, fill us space within body provide protection from mechanical shock.
Cells of connective tissues called fibroblasts (produce reinforcing fibers) Matrix= intercellular material consisting of amorphouse substance and fibers. MATRIX DETERMINES CONNECTIVE TISSUE: may be soft and pliable (unbilical cord), gel-like (cartilage), rigid (bones and teeth) |
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Muscular Tissue
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Function: produce movement by contracting and relaxing.
3 types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth. distinguished by functional characteristics |
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Nervous Tissue
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Structure/Function: receive stimuli, transmit sensory and motor info, coordinate body functions
functional unit=neuron. Neurons consist of dendrites, cell bodies, and axon. Neurons make contact with one another through junctions called synapses. Transmission of nerve impulses within the neuron is an ELECTRICAL process (but transmission across the synapse is chemical and mediatedby specific neurotransmitter) Nervous tissue contains several types of glial cells (support and nurture neurons) |
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The Skin
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hair, nails, glands, sensory receptors, hair follicles, sweat glands
composed of: epithelial, nervous, mscular and connective tissues. protects deep tissue against abrasion and dehydration |
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Epithelial tissue: Cilia
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elongated, motile, outward projections of the cell membrane. found on the inner surface of respiratory tract where they cleanse and sweep small particles upward and away from the lungs
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Epithelial Tissues: Microvilli
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fingerlike projections of cell membrane, shorter than cilia. On cells that serve a purpose of absorption (intestines and kidneys). Increases surface area. "brush border"
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Epithelial Tissues: Tight Junctions
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restrict free passage of materials between cells
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Cell membrane specializations: Desmosomes
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anchoring junctions, provide structural adhesion among cells of a tissue
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Cell Membrane Specializations: Muscle, Nerve, & Epithelial tissue
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gap junctions: communication channels between the cells comprising a tissue. A membrane of two neighboring cells, hollow, tube fibers extend across small gap.Allow intercellular transfer of certain molecules and spread of electrical signals
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Epithelium
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classified according to shape and arrangement of cells relative to one another: squamous, cuboidal, or columnar.
Arrangement maybe be simple (one layer),stratified (more than one layer), pseudostratified and transitional special types |
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Lamina Propria
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highly sacularized layer of connective tissue underlying most epithelia. nutrients diffuse from capillaries in the nearby connective tissue.
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Basement Membrane
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between the lamina propria and epithelium. acellular.
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Endothelium & Mesothelium
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composed of thin, squamous cells. organs and tissues develop from different portions of embryo during development: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm.
develops from embryonic mesoderm ENDO lines blood vessels and chambers of the heart MESO lines body cavities and forms mesenteries of the gut |
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Simple Squamous Epithelium
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composed of thin, flat cells ofirregular outline fitted closely togehter. allow easy passage of materials. lines alveoli in lungs where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs. Also found in parts of the kidney and eardrum
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
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single layer of cube/box shaped cells. nuclei usually spherical and located in center of cells.
functions: secretion and absorption. location: thyroid, pancreas, salivary glands In kidney, forms lengthy tubules where fluid and materials are reabsorbed back into the bloodstream. limes termianl bronchioles of respiratory system and covers surface of ovaries. |
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Simple Columnar Epithelium
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single row of tall cells. Nuclei egg shaped and located towards base of cell (basement membrane), lines digestive tract from stomach through rectum
in intestines, exhibit microvilli. also found in gallbladder and glands, trachea, bronchioles Goblet cell:secrete mucus to lubricate epithelias surface. |
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium
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several layers of cells are stacked on top of the other. only basal layer touches basement membrane. cells in outermost layers are squamous and cells in deep layers are cuboidal or columnar
function: protective, found where abrasion is likely (mouth, esophagus, epiglottis, vocal cords, vagina, anus, skin surface) protects from dehydration MITOTIC division of basal cells |
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Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
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location: upper respiratory passages (nose, trachea, larynx, bronchi) ducts of male reproductive system. Nuclei atdifferent levels, although all cells do touch the basement membrane (pseudo=false)
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Transitional Epithelium/Urothelium
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lines urinary systen, including renal pelvis, ureters, bladder (subject to pressure and volume changes). stretchy
composed of several layers of closely packed, pliable cells. when relaxed, balloon like appearance of cells, when stretched, flat |
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Connective Tissue
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classified according to nature and arrangement of matrix material.
3 main types of fibers: Collagen fibers: extremely tough and strong, inelastic elastic fibers: long, thin, stretchy threads irregularly dispersed in loose connective tissue. reticular fibers: very small diameter collagen fibers that form a supporting framework around blood vesses and cells in some organs (very fine) |
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Loose Connective Tissue (Areolar)
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areolar tissue is pliable and stretchy but delicate. Contains irregularly arranged collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers, fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, and mast cells.
forms lamina propria, surrounds blood and lymph vessels, fills spaces betweenmuslce and nerve fibers, acts as filling between mesothelias layers in membranes such as: pericardium, mesenteries, pleurae, peritoneum. Most epithelial tissues supported by this (lamina propria) |
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Loose Connective Tissue
(Adipose) |
specialized connective tissue cells engorged with lipid. 15-25% total body weight. cushions and holds organs in place, acts as shock absorber, gives shape to body surface, and provides an insulating barrier in subcutaneous layer of skin.Endocrine and nervous systems regulate sorage and release fats in adipose tissue.
IN adults: yellow adipose tissue Brown adipose tissue:prevalent in newborns, brown because of numerous mitochondria, specialied for heat production. |
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Dense Connective Tissue
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more densely packed with cells, fibers, and matrix in comparison to loose connective tissue.
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Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
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strength and elasticity. everything same as loose except fiber bundles are more numerous and more densely packed, yet still irregularly arranged. found in breasts, dermis of skin, and submucosa of digestive tract. Surrounds lymph nodes and nerve ganglia, forms capsules around organs
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Dense Regular Connective Tissue
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bundles of collagen fibers are oriented parallel to one another or in a regular pattern. very strong and inelastic. ONLY cells present are fibroblasts between collagen bundles.
forms tendons (connect muscle to bone), ligaments (join two bones across a joing), fascia (around muscles and organs), aponeuroses (flat, sheet tendons) |
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Cartilage
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strong, smooth, resilient tissue. provides smooth surface for sliding of bones during movement. supports softer tissues and is essential for the growth of long bones.
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