Anatomy & Physiology

Front 1

islets of Langerhans

Back 1

cell clusters in the pancreas that form the endocrine part of that organ; secrete insulin and other hormones

Front 2

Pituitary Gland

Back 2

small oval endocrine gland that lies at the base of the brain. It is sometimes called the master gland of the body because all the other endocrine glands depend on its secretions for stimulation

Front 3

Pituitary Gland Disorders

Back 3

Oversecretion of the pituitary hormone human growth hormone can cause gigantism if it occurs before growth of the long bones is complete, or acromegaly if it begins during adulthood. Undersecretion of human growth hormone can lead to dwarfism if experienced during childhood, and decreased endocrine function accompanied by lethargy and loss of sexual capacity in the adult.

Front 4

pineal gland

Back 4

A small, cone-shaped organ in the brain of most vertebrates that secretes the hormone melatonin

Front 5

thyroid gland

Back 5

A two-lobed endocrine gland found in all vertebrates, located in front of and on either side of the trachea in humans, and producing various hormones, such as triiodothyronine and calcitonin

Front 6

thyroid gland function

Back 6

The primary function of the thyroid is production of hormones:

-thyroxine (T4)
-triiodothyronine (T3)
and calcitonin, which regulates calcium-phosphorus metabolism

Front 7

thyroid gland disorders

Back 7

goiter - iodine deficiency
thyroid hormone is responsible for growth.In humans, children born with thyroid hormone deficiency will not grow well, and brain development can be severely impaired, in the condition referred to as cretinism.

Front 8

parathyroid gland

Back 8

A set of four small glands on the undersurface of the thyroid gland that function in the endocrine system. The parathyroid glands secrete a hormone that regulates the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus.

The parathyroid glands are endocrine glands in the neck, usually located within the thyroid gland, which produce parathyroid hormone.

Front 9

parathyroid gland anatomy

Back 9

There are two types of cells in the parathyroid glands parathyroid chief cells and oxyphil cells

Front 10

parathyroid diseases

Back 10

The single major disease of parathyroid glands is overactivity of one or more of the parathyroid lobes which make too much parathyroid hormone causing a potentially serious calcium imbalance. This is called hyperparathyroidism; it leads to hypercalcemia and osteitis fibrosa cystica. Since hyperparathyroidism was first described in 1925, the symptoms have become known as "moans, groans, stones, and bones." The primary treatment for this disease is the surgical removal of the faulty lobe.

Front 11

ovaries

Back 11

One of the paired female reproductive organs that produce ova and certain sex hormones, including estrogen

Front 12

gigantism

Back 12

Excessive growth of the body or any of its parts, especially as a result of oversecretion of the growth hormone by the pituitary gland

Front 13

thymus gland

Back 13

A gland located behind the breastbone that functions in the development of the immune system. The thymus is large in infancy and early childhood but begins to atrophy between ages eight and ten

Front 14

dawrfism

Back 14

dwarfism usually results from a combination of genetic factors and endocrine malfunction. It can also be caused, however, by acquired conditions, such as kidney disease. Pituitary dwarfism is caused by an insufficiency of the pituitary growth hormone (hypopituitary dwarfism).
*Cretinism is a type of dwarfism accompanied by mental retardation and distortion of the body, resulting from an insufficiency of thyroid hormone

Front 15

Hyperthyroidism

Back 15

an overactive thyroid gland; pathologically excessive production of thyroid hormones or the condition resulting from excessive production of thyroid hormones

Front 16

Jet Lag

Back 16

Jet lag is a temporary disorder that causes fatigue, insomnia, and othersymptoms as a result of air travel across time zones.

Front 17

Exocrine System

Back 17

Exocrine glands have ducts that carry their secretory product to a surface. These glands include the sweat, sebaceous, and mammary glands and, the glands that secrete digestive enzymes.

Front 18

Endocrine System

Back 18

The endocrine glands do not have ducts to carry their product to a surface. They are called ductless glands. The word endocrine is derived from the Greek terms "endo," meaning within, and "krine," meaning to separate or secrete. The secretory products of endocrine glands are called hormones and are secreted directly into the blood and then carried throughout the body where they influence only those cells that have receptor sites for that hormone.

Front 19

TSH

Back 19

anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the function of the thyroid gland

Front 20

growth hormone

Back 20

a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland; promotes growth in humans

Front 21

gonadotropic hormone

Back 21

hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and placenta; stimulates the gonads and controls reproductive activity

Front 22

adh

Back 22

hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland (trade name Pitressin) and also by nerve endings in the hypothalamus; affects blood pressure by stimulating capillary muscles and reduces urine flow by affecting reabsorption of water by kidney tubules

Front 23

prolactin

Back 23

A pituitary hormone that stimulates and maintains the secretion of milk

Front 24

calcitonin

Back 24

A peptide hormone, produced by the thyroid gland in humans, that acts to lower plasma calcium and phosphate levels without augmenting calcium accretion

Front 25

parathyroid hormone

Back 25

peptide hormone produced by the parathyroid glands that regulates the amount of calcium in the body

Front 26

insulin

Back 26

natural hormone made by the pancreas that controls the level of the sugar glucose in the blood. Insulin permits cells to use glucose for energy. Cells cannot utilize glucose without insulin

Front 27

glucagon

Back 27

A polypeptide hormone secreted by alpha cells that initiates a rise in blood sugar levels by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen by the liver

Front 28

epinephrine

Back 28

A catecholamine hormone of the adrenal medulla that is the most potent stimulant of the sympathetic nervous system, resulting in increased heart rate and force of contraction, vasoconstriction or vasodilation, relaxation of bronchiolar and intestinal smooth muscle, glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and other metabolic effects

Front 29

cortisone

Back 29

hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that is important in the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates. It is used in medicine to treat some forms of arthritis and to reduce inflammation.

Front 30

estrogen

Back 30

group of hormones, secreted mainly by the ovaries, that influence the female reproductive system in many ways, notably in preparing the body for ovulation and in the development of female secondary sex characteristics.

Front 31

androgens

Back 31

A steroid, such as testosterone or androsterone, that controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics

Front 32

Exocrine System

Back 32

Exocrine glands have ducts that carry their secretory product to a surface. These glands include the sweat, sebaceous, and mammary glands and, the glands that secrete digestive enzymes.

Front 33

Endocrine System

Back 33

The endocrine glands do not have ducts to carry their product to a surface. They are called ductless glands. The word endocrine is derived from the Greek terms "endo," meaning within, and "krine," meaning to separate or secrete. The secretory products of endocrine glands are called hormones and are secreted directly into the blood and then carried throughout the body where they influence only those cells that have receptor sites for that hormone.

Front 34

TSH

Back 34

anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the function of the thyroid gland

Front 35

growth hormone

Back 35

a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland; promotes growth in humans

Front 36

gonadotropic hormone

Back 36

hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and placenta; stimulates the gonads and controls reproductive activity

Front 37

adh

Back 37

hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland (trade name Pitressin) and also by nerve endings in the hypothalamus; affects blood pressure by stimulating capillary muscles and reduces urine flow by affecting reabsorption of water by kidney tubules

Front 38

prolactin

Back 38

A pituitary hormone that stimulates and maintains the secretion of milk

Front 39

calcitonin

Back 39

A peptide hormone, produced by the thyroid gland in humans, that acts to lower plasma calcium and phosphate levels without augmenting calcium accretion

Front 40

parathyroid hormone

Back 40

peptide hormone produced by the parathyroid glands that regulates the amount of calcium in the body

Front 41

insulin

Back 41

natural hormone made by the pancreas that controls the level of the sugar glucose in the blood. Insulin permits cells to use glucose for energy. Cells cannot utilize glucose without insulin

Front 42

glucagon

Back 42

A polypeptide hormone secreted by alpha cells that initiates a rise in blood sugar levels by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen by the liver

Front 43

epinephrine

Back 43

A catecholamine hormone of the adrenal medulla that is the most potent stimulant of the sympathetic nervous system, resulting in increased heart rate and force of contraction, vasoconstriction or vasodilation, relaxation of bronchiolar and intestinal smooth muscle, glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and other metabolic effects

Front 44

cortisone

Back 44

hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that is important in the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates. It is used in medicine to treat some forms of arthritis and to reduce inflammation.

Front 45

estrogen

Back 45

group of hormones, secreted mainly by the ovaries, that influence the female reproductive system in many ways, notably in preparing the body for ovulation and in the development of female secondary sex characteristics.

Front 46

androgens

Back 46

A steroid, such as testosterone or androsterone, that controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics

Front 47

tetany

Back 47

An abnormal condition characterized by periodic painful muscular spasms and tremors, caused by faulty calcium metabolism and associated with diminished function of the parathyroid glands.

Front 48

osteoporosis

Back 48

A disease in which the bones become extremely porous, are subject to fracture, and heal slowly, occurring especially in women following menopause and often leading to curvature of the spine from vertebral collapse.

Front 49

erythrocytes

Back 49

red,no nucleus,disc shape carry O2

Front 50

leukocytes

Back 50

have a nucleus and cytoplasm and help protect the body from infection and disease through specialized neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes

Front 51

thrombocytes

Back 51

platelet.
A minute, irregularly shaped, disklike cytoplasmic body found in blood plasma that promotes blood clotting and has no definite nucleus, no DNA, and no hemoglobin

Front 52

spleen

Back 52

An organ in the lymphatic system, in the upper left part of the abdomen, that filters out harmful substances from the blood. The spleen also produces white blood cells, removes worn-out red blood cells from circulation, and maintains a reserve blood supply for the body.