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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the medial border of the triangle of Marcille?
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side of L5
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what is the lateral border of the triangle of Marcille?
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medial border of psoas major
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what is the inferior border of the triangle of Marcille?
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upper border of sacrum
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what forms the floor of the triangle of Marcille?
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iliolumbar ligament
lumbosacral ligament |
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what lies anterior to the triangle of Marcille?
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artery between two nerves
ililumbar artery obturator nerve laterally lumbosacral trunk medially |
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what frames the triangle of Marcille?
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sympathetic trunk on vertebral body medially
genitofemoral nerve on psoas major laterally |
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where are the gonadal vessels in relation to the triangle of Marcille?
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lateral to it
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where are the common iliac artery and vein in relation to the triangle of Marcille?
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lateral and anterior to it
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where does the common iliac artery bifurcate into the internal and external iliac arteries?
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at the lower, outer angle of the triangle of Marcille
where the psoas major meets the sacrum |
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what crosses the external iliac artery bilaterally?
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ureters
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on which side of the body are the common iliac vessels crossed by the inferior mesenteric (superior rectal) vessels?
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on the left side
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what is the ischiorectal fossa?
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space below the levator ani
fossa between the ischium and rectum |
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how far anteriorly does the ischiorectal fossa extend?
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to the back of the body of the pubis
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what are the anterior boundaries of the outlet of the pelvis?
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symphysis pubis
inferior ramus of the pubis ramus of ischium |
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what are the posterior boundaries of the outlet of the pelvis?
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lower part of sacrum
coccyx sacrotuberous ligament |
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what connects the sacrum and/or coccyx to the ischial tuberosity?
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sacrotuberous ligament
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what are the two triangles which the diamond shaped pelvic outlet can be divided into?
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anal triangle
urogenital triangle |
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what is the perineum?
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superficial part of the outlet of the pelvis
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what is included in the perineum?
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external genitalia (urogenital triangle)
anus (anal triangle) |
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what is another name for the perineum?
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pudendal region
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what nerves and vessels supply the perineum?
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pudendal nerves
pudendal vessels |
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what is the ischiorectal fossa mainly filled with?
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fat
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where might an ischiorectal abcess erupt, creating a fistula?
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internally into anal canal
externally onto skin |
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deep to what ligament is the posterior communication between left and right ischioanal fossae?
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anococcygeal body
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along which muscles does the ischiorectal fossa follow?
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levator ani
sphincter ani externus |
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what is the posterior limit of the ischiorectal fossa?
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sacrotuberous ligament
origin of gluteus maximus (from sacrotuberous ligament) |
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what crosses the ischiorectal fossa?
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inferior rectal vessels and nerves
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where are the inferior rectal vessels and nerves distributed after crossing the ischiorectal fossa?
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anal canal (not rectum)
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inferior rectal artery is a branch from what artery?
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internal pudendal artery
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inferior rectal nerve is a branch from what nerve?
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pudendal nerve
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in what fascial tunnel are the internal pudendal artery, internal pudendal vein, and pudendal nerve?
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pudendal canal
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with what is the fascia of the pudendal canal continuous?
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obturator fascia
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what type of muscle fibers form the sphincter ani externus? where are these muscle fibers located?
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voluntary muscle fibers
surrounding the anal canal |
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what is another name for the anorectal ring?
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sphincter ani internus
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what is the function of the sphincter ani internus and the sphincter ani externus?
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continence
(laceration results in incontinence) |
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what three divisions are usually given to the sphincter ani externus?
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subcutaneous
superficial deep |
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where is the subcutaneous part of the sphincter ani externus?
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surrounding lower portion of anal canal
below edge of sphincter ani internus |
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where is the intersphincteric groove?
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between sphincter ani internus and sphincter ani externus
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what is the superficial part of the sphincter ani externus attached to?
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coccyx posteriorly
perineal body anteriorly |
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with what does the deep part of the sphincter ani externus blend?
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puborectal portion of levator ani
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what are the alternative names for the perineal membrane?
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triangular ligament of surgeons
inferior fascia of urogenital diaphragm |
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where does the perineal membrane stretch?
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rami of pubis
rami of ischium across urogenital triangle |
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what passes through a gap in the perineal membrane at the apex of the urogenital triangle (posterior to pubic symphysis)?
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deep dorsal vein
dorsal nerve of penis (clitoris) |
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what structures pierce the perineal membrane?
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urethra (vagina in females)
ducts of bulbourethral glands deep and dorsal arteries of penis (clitoris in females) |
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what separates Colle's fascia from perineal membrane?
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superficial perineal pouch
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what is contained within the superficial perineal pouch?
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roots of the penis and muscles
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what does the penis consist of?
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corpus spongiosum
2 corpora cavernosa |
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what are the erectile tissues of the penis?
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corpora cavernosa
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what enlarges at the end of the penis to form the glans of the penis?
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corpus spongiosum
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through what does the penile urethra (aka spongiose urethra) run to open at external urethral orifice?
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corpus spongiosum
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what encloses the corpus spongiosum?
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fascia penis
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what supports the corpus spongiosum?
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suspensory ligament of the penis
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where is the suspensory ligament of the penis attached?
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between fascia penis and pubic symphysis
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what is the fold of skin over the glans penis?
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prepuce
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where is the superficial dorsal vein of the penis? what does it drain?
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in the midline of the penis
drains the skin of the penis |
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where does the superficial dorsal vein of the penis empty?
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tributary of the saphenous vein on one side or the other
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where is the deep dorsal vein of the penis located?
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along the midline of the penis, passing through gap in perineal membrane and joining the prostatic venous plexus
in fascia penis |
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what is drained by the deep dorsal vein?
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drains deep structures of the penis
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into what structure does the deep dorsal vein empty?
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prostatic venous plexus
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what flanks the deep dorsal vein?
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deep dorsal arteries (2)
deep dorsal nerves (2) NAVAN |
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what are crura of the penis?
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roots of the penis
continuations of corpora cavernosa |
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what forms the bulb of the penis?
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continuation of corpus spongiosum
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to what structures are the crura of the penis attached?
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ramus of pubis
ramus of ischium |
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to what structure is the bulb of the penis attached?
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underside of perineal membrane
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what must the urethra penetrate to enter the bulb of the penis?
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perineal membrane
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what muscle surrounds the crura of the penis?
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ischiocavernosus muscle
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what muscle surrounds the bulb of the penis?
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bulbospongiosus muscle
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what is the function of the bulbospongiosus muscle?
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to expel last drop of urine
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where does the transverse perinei superficialis run?
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from ischium to perineal body
more or less transversely across perineal space, anterior to rectum |
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what vessels are contained within the superficial perineal pouch?
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scrotal vessels in male
labial vessels in female |
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where is the deep perineal pouch located?
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between perineal membrane and superficial fascia of urogenital diaphragm
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what are the contents of the deep perineal pouch?
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membranous urethra
sphincter urethrae bulbourethral glands |
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what small, striated muscle surrounds the membranous urethra?
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sphincter urethrae
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what is another name for the bulbourethral glands?
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Cowper's glands
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where do the ducts of the bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands travel?
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from bulbourethral gland, piercing perineal membrane, and opening into urethra within the bulb of the penis
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where is the transversus perinei profundus located?
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in the deep perineal pouch, in a position corresponding to the transversus perinei superficialis
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what are the contents of the female perineum?
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labia majora
labia minora clitoris vestibule bulb of vestibule hymen greater vestibular glands |
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where is the vestibule of the female perineum located? what does it contain?
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between labia minora
contains openings for urethra and vagina |
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what is the hymen?
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fold of mucosa that surrounds or partially covers vaginal opening
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what are remnants of the hymen called after giving birth (if present)?
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carunculae myrtiformes
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what is the bulb of the vestibule similar to? how is it different?
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similar to bulb of penis
different, because it is in 2 parts (on either side of vestibule) |
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what is another name for the greater vestibular glands?
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Bartholin's glands
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what is the male equivalent of greater vestibular glands?
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bulbourethral glands
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where are the greater vestibular glands located?
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toward the posterior ends of the bulbs of the vestibule
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into where do the Bartholin's glands empty?
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into vestibule, just below hymen
(one on each side of the vagina) |
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what is the purpose of Bartholin's glands?
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secrete mucous to lubricate the vagina
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in what broad way (not gender specific) is the location of the bulbourethral glands different than the location of the greater vestibular glands?
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greater vestibular glands are in superficial perineal pouch of females
bulbourethral glands are in deep perineal pouch of males |
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what are the three segments (in order from exiting bladder) of the male urethra?
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prostatic
membranous penile (spongiose) |
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where does the female urethra travel?
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posterior to pubic symphysis
embedded in anterior wall of vagina opening 2 cm posterior to clitoris |
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what are the three layers of the urogenital diaphragm?
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bottom layer
middle layer superior layer |
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what is contained in the bottom layer of the urogenital diaphragm?
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roots of penis/clitoris
associated nerves and vessels |
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what is the bottom layer of the urogenital diaphragm composed of?
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Colle's fascia
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what is the middle layer of the urogenital diaphragm composed of?
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perineal membrane
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what is the superior layer of the urogenital diaphragm composed of?
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superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm
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what is contained in the middle layer of the urogenital diaphragm?
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membranous urethra
bulbourethral glands sphincter urethrae |
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to what are the sides of the urogenital diaphragm attached?
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pubis and ischium
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where is the apex of the urogenital diaphragm located?
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posterior to pubic symphysis
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in a male, where does the ischiorectal fossa continue anteriorly?
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above the urogenital diaphragm on either side of the prostate
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what nerves and vessels emerge from the lower end of the greater sciatic notch (from medial to lateral)?
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pudendal nerve
internal pudendal artery nerve to obturator internus |
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what structures emerge from the greater sciatic notch and then cross ischial spine, finally entering the perineum through the lesser sciatic foramen?
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pudendal nerve
internal pudendal artery nerve to obturator internus |
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in order, what are the branches of the pudendal nerve?
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inferior rectal nerve
perineal nerve -> posterior labial (scrotal) nerve dorsal nerve of clitoris |
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what nerve gives rise to the posterior labial (scrotal) nerve?
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perineal nerve
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in order, what are the branches of the internal pudendal artery?
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inferior rectal artery
perineal artery -> posterior labial (scrotal) artery dorsal artery of clitoris -> deep artery of clitoris |
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what artery gives rise to the posterior labial (scrotal) artery?
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perineal artery
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what artery gives rise to the deep artery of the clitoris?
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dorsal artery of clitoris
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what structures enter the pudendal canal?
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internal pudendal artery
internal pudendal vein pudendal nerve |
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what does the inferior rectal nerve innervate?
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sensory to lower half of anal canal
motor to sphincter ani externus and levator ani |
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in addition to the inferior rectal nerve, where do sphincter ani externus and levator ani get innervation from?
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separate branch from S4
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from which spinal nerves does the pudendal nerve arise?
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ventral rami of S2, S3, and S4
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what is the path of the dorsal nerve of the penis after it branches from the pudendal nerve?
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enters deep perineal pouch
stays lateral pierces perineal membrane passes onto dorsum of penis |
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what are the terminal branches of the pudendal nerve which lie on either side of the internal pudendal artery?
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dorsal nerve of penis (clitoris)
perineal nerve |
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what is supplied by the perineal artery?
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bulb of penis (clitoris)
urethra |
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what is the terminal branches of the perineal artery?
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dorsal arteries of penis (clitoris)
deep arteries of penis (clitoris) |
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where do all of the lymphatics of the abdomen drain into?
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cisterna chyli
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what are the three divisions of the abdominal lymph nodes?
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preaortic nodes
paraaortic nodes retroaortic nodes |
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to what are the preaortic lymphatic nodes related?
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3 ventral branches of aorta
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what is formed by the converging of all preaortic lymph nodes?
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intestinal trunk of cisterna chyli
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what are the celiac lymph nodes?
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gastric
pancreaticosplenic hepatic pyloric gastroepiploic |
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how does the lymph flow along the lesser curvature of the stomach? along the greater curvature?
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right-to-left along lesser
left-to-right along greater |
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where does the liver's lymphatics drain?
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mainly hepatic group of lymph nodes
upper surface - nodes around IVC left lobe - left gastric group |
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where does the pancreas' lymphatics drain?
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splenic nodes
superior mesenteric nodes |
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where do the superior and inferior mesenteric lymph nodes drain?
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along major arteries
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where do the lymphatics for the lower part of the rectum and upper part of the anal canal drain?
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along middle rectal artery
to internal iliac nodes |
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where do lymphatics for the lower part of the anal canal drain?
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inguinal nodes
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what is another name for paraaortic lymph nodes?
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lateral aortic lymph nodes
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with what are the paraaortic lymph nodes associated?
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lateral branches of aorta
some with IVC |
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what are the paraaortic lymph nodes?
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iliac nodes (common, internal, external)
sacral nodes outlying groups along branches |
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where are the sacral lymph nodes located?
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along the concavity of the sacrum
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where do lymphatics for the kidneys and suprarenal glands drain?
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local lateral aortic nodes
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where do lymphatics for the gonads drain?
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local lateral aortic nodes
(following the course of the gonadal vessels) |
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where is the major drainage for lymphatics from the bladder, lower end of ureter, ductus deferens, and seminal vesicles?
where else do they drain? |
major = external iliac nodes
minor = internal iliac nodes |
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where do lymphatics from the prostate gland drain?
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internal iliac nodes
sacral nodes |
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where do lymphatics from the cervix drain?
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external iliac nodes
internal iliac nodes sacral nodes |
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where do lymphatics from the body of the uterus drain?
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external iliac nodes
superiorly to lateral aortic and preaortic nodes some, accompanying round ligament, to superficial inguinal nodes |
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for deeper parts of the abdominal wall, what do the lymphatics follow? to where?
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follow lumbar vessels
to lateral aortic and retroaortic nodes also to parasternal nodes and external iliac nodes |
