Anatomy Notes 2

Front 1

a ------ is a group of similiar cells joined together by their intercellular materials to perfrom a common function

Back 1

tissue

Front 2

tissues are the building blockes of

Back 2

organs

Front 3

the four primary tissues in the body are:

Back 3

epithelial, muscle, connective, and nerve

Front 4

epithelial tissue covers the body surface, ------- body cavaties and hollow organs and serves as the functional tissue of ------

Back 4

line, and organs

Front 5

epithelial is classified according to:

Back 5

shape of individuial cell and arrangment of cells into layers

Front 6

Shape of Epithelial cells:

Back 6

squamous: scale like, pancake
cubodial: cubed shape
columnar: taller than they are wide

Front 7

layers:

Back 7

simple: one single layer
stratified: more than one layer
pseudostratified: false layering, appears to have 2 layers but really only has 1
transitional epithelium: cells that undergo a change in shape depending on the tissue.

Front 8

modifications of Epithelium:

Back 8

cilia: tiny hair like projections, lining respiratoy passage and fallopian tubes.

Front 9

functions of Epithelium:

Back 9

1) to protect body from damage
2) protects against water loss and bacteria
3) secrets products into blood stream
4) filters waste from the blood
5) absorption of digestive nutrients
6) specialazed sensory receptors

Front 10

a ------ is a single cell or cluster of specialazed epthelial cells grouped together to form a specific secretory function

Back 10

gland

Front 11

exocrine glands:

Back 11

empty their product into a duct, which then carries the secretion to some other location

Front 12

endocrine glands:

Back 12

"duct less gland" that secrets their products directly into the blood stream

Front 13

what is the most abundant tissue in the body?

Back 13

connective tissue

Front 14

what are the functions of a CT?

Back 14

supporting, anchoring, and binding various parts of the body

Front 15

In addition CT also...

Back 15

forms the framework for organs, protects and serves as a storage for fats.

Front 16

all CT has three things in common:

Back 16

ground substance, fibers, and cells

Front 17

Ground Substance: a homogenous, ------ material into which Ct fibers are embedded. It may be ----, fluid or a gel state. serves as an ------ matrix.

Back 17

amphorus, solid, intercellular

Front 18

3 types of fibers:

Back 18

1) collagenous fibers
2) elastic fibers
3) reticular fibers

Front 19

most common fiber found in the CT is?

Back 19

Collagenous

Front 20

fibroblast-

Back 20

"fiber forming cells" develop from fibrocytes and most common type of cell in the tissue

Front 21

macrophages-

Back 21

"large eating cells" remove dead cells

Front 22

fat cells-

Back 22

(adipocytes) looks like a signet ring

Front 23

white blood cells-

Back 23

leucocytes;destroy bacteria produce antibodies
they can leave the bloodstream

Front 24

pigment cells-

Back 24

melanocytes; provide skin pigment

Front 25

mast cells-

Back 25

found near small blood vessels, release:
heporin, serotonin

Front 26

plasma cells-

Back 26

formed during chronic inflammation. manufactures antibodies.

Front 27

mesenchyme-

Back 27

"mother of all connective tissue"

Front 28

Mucous

Back 28

(Whartons jelly) found in the unbilical cord, prevents kinking of the cord

Front 29

cartilage CT are formed by cells called:

they are found in the matrix.....

Back 29

chondrocytes

lacuna

Front 30

the three types of cartilage are:

Back 30

hyaline, elastic and fibrous

Front 31

what is the most common type of cartilage:

Back 31

hyaline

Front 32

skin-integument is composed of what 2 layers:

Back 32

epidermis and dermis

Front 33

functions of skin:

Back 33

1) protect from bacteria
2) sensation hot and cold
3) excretion removal of waste
4) regulate body temp.
5) vitamin d
6) provides a cosmetic appearance

Front 34

prophase:

Back 34

first and longest phase

Front 35

each half of the chromosome is called?

Back 35

chromatid

Front 36

each half is attached to a point called a....

Back 36

centromere

Front 37

during prophase the nucleus changes into the form of.....

Back 37

chromosomes and the nucleus dissappears

Front 38

the chromotads line themselves across the equator

Back 38

metaphase

Front 39

anaphase:

Back 39

"the moving phase" forming a cleavage furrow

Front 40

the chromatids reach the opposite sides of the cell

Back 40

telopahse

Front 41

not a stage of mitosis

Back 41

interphase

Front 42

the basic unit of structure and function in a living organism

Back 42

the cell

Front 43

prokaryotic cells lack what?

Back 43

membrane-bound organelles
example: bacteria cells

Front 44

the controling center of the cell

Back 44

nucleus

Front 45

made of material called...and is composed mostly of nucleic acid called....

Back 45

chromatin

dna

Front 46

the site of Rna synthesis and storage

Back 46

nucleolus

Front 47

tiny protein factories within a cell

Back 47

ribosomes

Front 48

a series of parallel membranes which form channels through the cytoplasm

Back 48

endoplasmic reticulum

Front 49

serves as an assembly, packaging, and distribution center for products made within the cell

Back 49

golgi body

Front 50

small packets of digestive enzymes

Back 50

lysosomes

Front 51

"power house of the cell" energy

Back 51

mitochondria

Front 52

storage areas within the cytoplasm

Back 52

vaculous

Front 53

responsible for food synthesis storage and pigmentation

Back 53

plastids

Front 54

they helo provide support as well as movement of and within the cell

Back 54

microtubules and microfilaments

Front 55

tiny hair like structures that performs a specialized function in the cell

Back 55

organelle

Front 56

a plant organelle that may store starch of pigments

Back 56

plastids

Front 57

converts the chemical energy in food into a form that is more easily used

Back 57

mitochondria

Front 58

transport channels that are studded with ribosomes

Back 58

rough er

Front 59

modifies, collects, packages, and distributes proteins that are produced by the cell

Back 59

golgi body

Front 60

saclike storage structure found in both animal and plant cell

Back 60

vacoles

Front 61

traps energy from sunlight and converts it to chemical energy

Back 61

chloroplasts

Front 62

framework of filaments and fibers involved in cell support and movement

Back 62

cytoskeleton

Front 63

an organelle that serves as a protein factory

Back 63

ribosomes