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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is anatomy?
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the study of the structure and shape of the human body and its parts and their relationship to one another.
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Anatomy is the study of __________.
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Structure
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Gross anatomy
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study of things you can see with the naked eye
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Microscopic anatomy
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study of things too small to see
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What's form without function?
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Most things in biology serve a function
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first known anatomist
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Aristotle
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What did Aristotle contribute to anatomy?
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Differentiated between tendons and nerves
Described how blood vessels branched. |
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What did Plato contribute to anatomy?
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Distinguished between the body and the soul - Dualism
Provided the foundation for preserving human tissues |
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Galen or Pergamum
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Based his studies on animals (conclusions flawed)
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How many books did Galen of Pergamum publish?
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200
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How long did Galen of Pergamum influence thoughts on anatomy?
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1300 years
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How were Galen of Pergamum's texts used?
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A professor would read while assistants performed the dissection
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When did artists take an interest in human anatomy?
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By the end of the middle ages
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Who provided us with some of the most detailed anatomical drawings ever?
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Leonardo and Michelangelo
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Who's writings did Leonardo base his drawings on?
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Vitruvius
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Who was the founder of the science of Anatomy?
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Andreas Vesalius
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What did Andreas Vesalius base his studies on?
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Human disections
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What did Andreas Veselius contribute to anatomy?
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He was the first to assemble human bones in an upright structure called a skeleton
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Bernhard Albinus
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Responsible for ensuring that organs were sketched to emphasize systems and not individually.
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Who was the father of physiology and what was his contribution?
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Bernhard Albinus - he provided the first foundation for understanding functional anatomy
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Levels of structural organization
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Chemical
Molecular Cells Tissue Organ Organ system level Oranismal |
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Systems
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Integumentary
Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive |
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Emergent principles
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We can't judge something on the basis of it's parts. All of the pieces make up something more complex than just the components.
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Homeostasis
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Body works hard to keep things in the same state and isn't equipped to handle a lot of change.
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Is it correct to say my nose is superior? Why?
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No, you must talk about direction of one body part in relation to another body art.
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Matter is
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anything that occupies space and has mass
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What two elements make up 99% of the air?
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Nitrogen (most prominent), Oxygen (second)
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Are gases matter?
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Yes
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States of matter
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Solid, liquid or gas
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What is a physical change?
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Changes that do no change the composition of the matter just the physical state. Melting.
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What is a chemical change?
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A change that alters the composition of the matter. Wine
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Energy
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the ability to put matter into motion.
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Two types of energy
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Kinetic
Potential |
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Kinetic energy
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energy that something in motion already hs
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Potential energy
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stored energy that something has
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Chemical energy
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stored in the bonds of chemical substances
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What is an example of something that has chemical energy?
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Food
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How does food have chemical energy?
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Turns potential energy into kinetic energy
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Types of energy
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Chemical
electric mechanical radiant |
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All mater is composed of
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Elements
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What are the building blocks of elements?
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atoms
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What makes up a mass unit?
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# of protons and # of neutrons
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Isotope
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change in the number of neutrons in an element
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If you change the number of protons in an element is it still the same?
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No
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What is a Molecule?
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When two or more atoms combine chemically.
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Is H+H a compound?
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No, it's just a molecule.
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What is a compound?
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When two or more different types of atoms bind together. (Hydrogen and carbon)
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Which salts are plentiful in our bodies?
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Calcium and phosphorus salts
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What are sodium and potassium important for?
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Nerve impulses
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What two substances are important for nerve impulses?
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Sodium and potassium
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Hydrogen atoms in water are bonded how?
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Covalently
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Helium has 2 protons, 2 electrons and 2 neutrons. What is it's atomic mass?
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4
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What part of the atom defines the element?
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# of protons
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How many atoms does the innermost electron shell hold?
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2
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2 atoms fill the ________ in an atom
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innermost electron shell
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How many electrons does hydrogen have on it's inner (only) shell and what does that mean?
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it has 1 electron so it has room for one more and combines easily with other molecules
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How many electrons fill the electron shells other than the innermost shell?
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8
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If an atom has a full valence shell what does that mean?
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It has 8 electrons and will not react with anything else.
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If an atom does not have a full valence shell, what does that mean?
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The will react with other atoms in order to fill the valence
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What is a covalent bond?
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When electrons are shared between atoms
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How is water covalently bonded?
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Electrons are shared between hydrogen and oxygen.
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Oxygen is electronegative. What does that mean?
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It pulls electrons towards it with more force than other atoms - it doesn't like to share it's electrons
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What in water is electronegative?
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Oxygen
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What is a polar covalent bond?
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when an atoms share electrons unequally. When one atom is more positive/negative than the other.
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Oxygen is more ______ than hydrogen which makes the molecule water a ______ ______ bond.
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Negative
Polar covalent |
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Explain surface tension
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the oxygen in water tries to get electrons whenever it can even from other water molecules so it forms hydrogen bonds. This makes water cohesive.
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Types of reactions
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synthesis A+B=AB
Decomposition AB=A+B Exchange AB+C=A+BC |
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How much of your body weight is water?
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66%
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What does water do in the body?
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Regulates temperature
Solvent Chemical reactent Cushions organs |
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Hydrolysis
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process that adds water to large molecules in your food to break it down into smaller molecules
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Things are broken down in the body by
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hydrolysis
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What is PH?
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The relative concentration of hydrogen ions in a fluid
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What is the relative concentration of hydrogen ions in a fluid called?
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PH
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High concentration of hydrogen ions results in
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reduced PH Acid
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low concentration of hydrogen ions results in
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high PH base
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What is a neutral PH
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PH 7
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What makes 7 a neutral PH?
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Neutral hydrogen is equal to the hydroxide concentration
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What is the PH of blood?
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7.1
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What are electrolytes?
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Salts
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On which ends of the PH spectrum are things corrosive?
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Both low PH - Acids and High PH Bases are corrosive
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How does our body regulate PH?
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Respiration rate changes by how much PH in blood
We have buffers in our blood which are sponges for Hydrogen |
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4 classes of Organic macromolecules
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Carbohydrates
Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids |
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We are made entirely of groups of what four classes of molecules?
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Carbohydrates
Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids |
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Most of the organic molecules - Carbohydrates, proteins, Lipids and Nucleic acids can be considered what?
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Polymers made up of many monomers
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How are polymers formed and how are they broken down?
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Formed by dehydration synthesis
broken down by hydrolysis |
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Organic macromolecules - what are carbohydrates commonly called?
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Sugars
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Organic macromolecules - what are carbohydrates made of?
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Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen
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What is a polymer?
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When monomers connect to make a chain.
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Organic macromolecules - Carbohydrates have what in the same proportion as water?
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For every two hydrogen there is one oxygen
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What are the building blocks of macromolecules?
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Monomers
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What are the monomers of carbohydrates?
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Monosaccharides
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What is a monosaccharide?
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the simplest carbohydrate
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What is an example of a monosaccharide?
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Glucose and fructose
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If a monosaccharide (glucose) is not used for fuel immediately what happens to it?
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It's stored as a polysaccharide or carbohydrate polymer
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What is an isomer?
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Different structure of the same molecule - glucose and fructose
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What is our main cellular fuel?
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Glucose
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what is used to build a polymer?
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Dehydration synthesis
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What is a disaccharide?
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Two monosaccharides joined together
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What is a common disaccharide?
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Maltose
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What is maltose?
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A disaccharide in seeds - used in beer, malted drinks etc
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Disaccharide is the product of two _________molecules joining
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glucose
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How do you recognize an enzyme?
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almost all end in -ase
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What do you need to break down sugar in the body?
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Enzyme
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What is a polysaccharide?
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Long storage molecules like glycogen
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What happens to a polysaccharide when you exercize?
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molecules cleave off
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Organic macromolecules - what are lipids made of?
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Mostly carbon and hydrogen atoms
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How are the atoms of lipids linked together?
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Non polar covalent bonds
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What is the term for water fearing?
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Hydrophobic
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Lipids are ____________.
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hydrophobic
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Oil is a _________ and ________ water.
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Lipid
rejects |
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What are the most common forms of lipids?
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Triglycerides
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what is another name for Triglycerides?
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Fat
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is fat a large or small lipid molecule
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Large
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are fats true polymers?
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no
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What is the composition of a Fat
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Glycerol base with 3 fatty acids attached to it.
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By what process are the fatty acids attached to the glycerol base in fats?
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Dehydration synthesis
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By what process do the fatty acids break off from the glycerol base in fats?
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Hydrolysis
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What is glycerol?
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An alcohol with 3 carbon atoms
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What do the fatty acids look like in fats?
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Long chains of carbon filled with hydrogen
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What's another way of saying a long string of carbon filled up with hydrogen?
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A carboxyl group with a hydrocarbon chain.
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What is a saturated fatty acid?
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it is holding the max # of hydrogen atoms it can
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How do you identify a fatty acid
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Solid at room temperature because it's packed together tightly
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What are unsaturated fats?
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Whatn carbons make a double bond
puts a kink in the fatty acid tail they can't pack as tightly |
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How do plants store their fats?
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As oils - unsaturated fats
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Hydrogenated fat
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adding hydrogen to saturate the fats - trans fat
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How much of the body's energy is stored in fats?
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85%
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Why do we store our energy in fats instead of carbohydrates?
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its much less bulky and it doesn't like water
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Phospholipids
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major component of cell membranes
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waxes
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form waterproof coating
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What is important for steroid production?
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Cholesterol
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What is an example of water as a chemical reactant?
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Water is added to the large molecules in your food via hydrolysis to break it down to smaller molecules
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