Anatomy Lecture Test 2

Front 1

There are dense spherical bodies in this which are the synthesis cite for ribosomal RNA

Back 1

Nucleolus

Front 2

What makes up a membrane lipid?

Back 2

75% phospholipids 5% glycolipids 20% cholesterol

Front 3

Allow the plasma membrane to communicate with its environment. These make up about 1/2 of the plasma membranes mass.

Back 3

Membrane protein

Front 4

About 20% of the outer membrane surface of a cell is what?

Back 4

lipid raft (more stable & less fluid)

Front 5

A sugar covering at a cells surface. This allows the immune system to recognize itself and nonself (like cancer).

Back 5

Glycocalyx

Front 6

What are 6 main functions of membrane proteins?

Back 6

1. Transport (move things around) 2. Receptors (for signal transduction) 3. Attachment to cytoskeleton & extracellular matrix 4. Enzymatic activity (looks for enzymes to help out) 5. Intercellular joining 6. Cell to cell recognition

Front 7

What are 3 basic parts of a human cell?

Back 7

1. plasma membrane 2. cytoplasm 3. Nucleus

Front 8

Cells that come together to form communities

Back 8

Cell junctions

Front 9

What are 3 ways cells are bounded?

Back 9

1. Tight Junctions 2. Gap junctions 3. desmosomes

Front 10

The adjacent plasma membranes are very close and the cells are connected by hallow cylinders, they are know as communicating junctions

Back 10

Gap junction

Front 11

Mechanical couplings scattered like rivets or spot welds along the sides of abutting cells to prevent separation, also known as an anchoring junction

Back 11

Desmosomes

Front 12

Type of junction that helps prevent molecules from passing through the extracellular space between adjacent cells.

Back 12

Tight junctions

Front 13

What are 2 ways substances cross the plasma membrane ?

Back 13

1. Passive process 2. Active process

Front 14

The plasma membrane allowing some molecules to pass through easily and some not as much is called what?

Back 14

Selectively permeable

Front 15

In this process no ATP is required, and it moves down the concentration gradient.

Back 15

Passive Process

Front 16

In this process ATP is required and this only occurs in living cell membranes.

Back 16

Active Process

Front 17

What phase do those chromosomes split to opposite sides?

Back 17

Anaphase

Front 18

What phase do the chromosomes align on the spindle equator?

Back 18

Metaphase

Front 19

In what phase do the chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin?

Back 19

Telophase

Front 20

In what phase do the centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell?

Back 20

Early Prophase

Front 21

What phase does the nuclear membrane & nucleus disintegrate?

Back 21

Late prophase

Front 22

The conversion of fatty acids into acetyl groups.

Back 22

Beta oxidation

Front 23

Synthesis of lipids from glucose or amino acids

Back 23

lipogenesis

Front 24

Splitting triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids

Back 24

lipolysis

Front 25

When the liver converts acetyl CoA molecules to ketone bodies, which are released into the blood.

Back 25

Ketogenesis

Front 26

In the G.I tract what do proteins do?

Back 26

Proteins break down to amino acids. Amino acids help w/ important structural material, hormone control, & nitrogen balance.

Front 27

In the G.I tract what do carbohydrates do?

Back 27

Break down glucose, the usage of glucose is carb molecule which fuel 4 ATP

Front 28

In the G.I tract Fats break down into what 2 categories ?

Back 28

1. Glycerol 2. Fatty Acid

Front 29

What does glycerol do?

Back 29

Absorbs fats, and makes muscles and myelin

Front 30

What do fatty acids do?

Back 30

Control blood pressure, and control inflammation

Front 31

Glucose turns into what?

Back 31

Glycolysis

Front 32

Glycolysis takes place in what?

Back 32

Cytosol

Front 33

This produces the most ATP and involves oxygen which picks up excess hydrogen and electrons?

Back 33

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Front 34

This removes hydrogen electrons and CO2 from substrate molecule

Back 34

Krebs

Front 35

This is the break down of glucose to 2 pyruvic acid molecules.

Back 35

Glycolysis

Front 36

Formation of glucose from proteins of fats

Back 36

gluconeogenisis

Front 37

Storage of glucose in the form of glycogen

Back 37

glycogenesis

Front 38

The break down of glycogen to release glucose

Back 38

glycogenolysis

Front 39

Single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; the simplest

Back 39

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Front 40

Where are simple squamous epithelium cells located?

Back 40

In the kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart/blood vessels/& lymphatic vessels, and finally the lining of ventral body cavity.

Front 41

Single layer of cube like cells with large, spherical central nuclei.

Back 41

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Front 42

Where are simple cuboidal epithelium cells located?

Back 42

Kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, and ovary surface.

Front 43

Thick membrane composed of several cell layers, 1. basal cells are cuboidal or columnar & metabolically active. 2. Surface cells are squamous (flattened).

Keratinized type: surface cells are full of keratin & dead; basal cells are active in mitosis & produce the cells of more superficial layers

Back 43

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Front 44

Where are Stratified Squamous Epithelium cells located?

Back 44

Nonkeratinized: forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, & vagina.

Keratinized: variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane.

Front 45

Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells with obvious striations

Back 45

Skeletal muscle (worm w/ dots on it)

Front 46

Branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions.

Back 46

Cardiac muscle (looks like a road block)

Front 47

Where are skeletal muscle cells located?

Back 47

In skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin

Front 48

Where are cardiac muscle cells located?

Back 48

The walls of the heart.

Front 49

Cutaneous membrane lines what?

Back 49

The skin, covers the bodies surface (keratinized stratified squamous epithelium)

Front 50

Mucous membrane lines what?

Back 50

Find them in digestive & respiratory tracks ( body cavities open to the exterior membranes)

Front 51

Serous membranes line what?

Back 51

Lines closed ventral cavities such as thoracic wall and covering lungs, and encloses heart

Front 52

Where are these terms located for serous membranes:

1. Pleurae=

2. Pericardium=

Back 52

Pleurae= thoracic & lungs

Pericardium= heart

Front 53

Which is more towards the surface parietal or visceral?

Back 53

Parietal= surface

Visceral= deeper

Front 54

This is what happens when barriers of skin are penetrated and cells must divide and migrate.

Back 54

Tissue repair

Front 55

What are 2 ways tissue can repair itself ?

Back 55

1. Regeneration 2. Fibrosis

Front 56

This type of tissue repair is when the same kind of tissue replaces destroyed tissue and original function is restored?

Back 56

Regeneration tissue repair

Front 57

This type of tissue repair is when connective tissue replaces destroyed tissue and the original function is lost?

Back 57

Fibrosis tissue repair

Front 58

What type of tissue regenerates extremely well?

Back 58

Areolar Connective Tissue

Front 59

What type of tissue has a moderate regenerating capacity?

Back 59

Smooth muscle and Dense regular connective tissue (Ligaments & tendons)

Front 60

What type of tissue has weak regenerating capacity?

Back 60

Skeletal muscle tissue

Front 61

What type of tissue has no functional regenerating capacity?

Back 61

Cardiac muscle

Front 62

What are the 3 steps in tissue repair?

Back 62

1. Inflammation 2. restores blood supply (any waste is cleaned up) 3. Regeneration & Fibrosis (scab detaches and scar tissue forms)

Front 63

When the epithelia gets thin. Bone, muscle, and nervous tissues being to atrophy (waste)

Back 63

Aging Tissue