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88 Cards in this Set
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Protein Structure Organization (4)
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Primary
Secondary Tertiary Quaternary |
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Primary structure (Protein Structure Organization)
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Unique amino acid sequence makes a polypeptide chain
Not usually a true protein, too simple Proteins rarely exist in this form! |
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Secondary structure (Protein Structure Organization)
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-Polypeptide chain twisted or folded
-two types (these help to maintain shape!) |
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What are the two types of Secondary Structure?
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Alpha Helix
Beta Pleated |
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Tertiary structure (Protein Structure Organization)
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-Primary & Secondary levels are folded into 3-D shapes
-AA far apart in sequence, brought together so bonds can form |
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Molecular shape is always going to dictate _______.
If you change the shape, you change the ______. (same answer) |
function
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Quaternary structure (Protein Structure Organization
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-Proteins with more than 1 polypeptide chain are folded and bonded
-Very complex structure |
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(Structural Proteins-Protein Organized by Function)
Also call _______ (1) , (strand like appearance). Provide tensile ______(2). Are they soluble? (3) Chemically very ______(4). |
1.) Fibrous Proteins
2.) Strength 3.) No, insoluble. 4.) Stable |
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Name three examples of Structural Proteins.
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Collagen (Bone, Tendon, Ligament, Cartilage)
Keratin (Hair, Nails, Skin) Elastin |
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(Functional Proteins-Protein Organized by Function)
Also called _____ ______ (1). Are they soluble? (2) They can ____ ______ very well (3). |
1.) Globular Proteins
2.) Yes! 3.) move around |
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Name three examples of Functional Proteins.
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Antibodies and antigens
Protein based hormones Enzymes |
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Functional Proteins are chemically ________ (1) and two examples the affect them are ____ and ____ (2).
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1.) Unstable
2.) Abnormal pH and heat |
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Affecting a functional protein will disrupt hydrogen bonds maintaining all structure types expect _______ ____.
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Primary Structure
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All enzymes are proteins, but not all proteins all ______.
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Enzymes.
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(Functional Proteins)
When Protein unravels, it is ______. |
Denatured
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Functional Proteins are sometimes ______.
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Reversible.
pH 7.4 7.5 (10% shift) (Break virtually all hydrogen bonds in proteins Return to 7.4 = Bonds reform Protein resume normal structure & function) |
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Functional (Globular) proteins control most ______ (1) reactions in the body and are very sensitive to _____(2) changes.
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1.) chemical
2.) homeostatic |
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(Functional Proteins)
Enzymes function as biological ____(1), and regulate ______(2) rates, and are Not changed or used up. |
1.) catalysts
2.) reaction |
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Some enzymes are completely _______.
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Protein
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Some enzymes have 2 parts. They are called _____ and ______.
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Protein part
Cofactor |
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Cofactor
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Ion of metal/nonprotein partners (iron, copper, zinc, magnesium or calcium ions)
Organic molecule Essential to function |
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If the cofactor is from a vitamin ( like B complex) the cofactor called a _____.
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Coenzyme
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Cofactors bind to ______ and change its shape.
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Enzymes
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(Coenzymes)
Organic cofactors derived from ___ ____ (1) vitamins (niacin, riboflavin). Transfer ______(2) between enzymes. |
1.) Water-soluble
2.) Electrons |
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"Lysis" means _______ ______.
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Breaking down
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Each enzyme is highly specific. It controls a ____(1) reaction or small group of related reactions.
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1.) Single
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Enzymes are named according to ______.
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Substrate
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Most enzymes end in _____.
Provide an example. |
-"ase"
-ex: oxidase |
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Chemical reactions require _____ ______(1), and ______(2) are that energy needed to trigger reactions.
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1.) Activation energy
2.) Enzymes |
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Anything that combines with an enzyme is called a _______.
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Substrate
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(Enzymatic Reaction Steps)
Enzyme temporarily binds to ____(1), but is ____(2), and will eventually go back to its ____(3) form. In this the ____(4) bond is broken. |
1.) Substrate
2.) Unstable 3.) Original 4.) Covalent |
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Enzyme-Substrate Complex
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Internal rearrangement
Forms new product |
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(Nucleic Acids-Organic Substances)
Large and ______(1) molecules. Control ____ & _____(2) of entire organism. |
1.) Complex
2.) Structure & Function |
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Nucleic Acids are composed of _____ elements.
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Five
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Name the 5 elements Nucleic Acids are composed of.
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Carbon
Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus |
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What are the 2 kinds of Nucleic Acids?
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RNA or Ribonucleic Acids
DNA or Deoxyribonucleic Acid |
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_______ are building blocks of Nucleic Acids.
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Nucleotides
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What are the three components of Nucleic Acids?
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-Phosphate group (phosphorus plus oxygen)
-Nitrogenous base (1 of several) -5 Carbon sugar (Ribose or Deoxyribose) |
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DNA is located in the _____.
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Nucleus
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DNA has two roles:
Carry & replicate ______(1) information. Provide instructions for building _____(2). |
1.) Genetic
2.) Proteins |
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DNA Structure is also called a _____ _____.
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-Double Helix or Twisted Ladder
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A double row of nucleotides in the DNA structure is make up of _____ ______(1) and _____ ______(2).
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1.) Alternating Phosphate group
2.) Deoxyribose Sugar |
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What are the 4 Nitrogenous Bases attach to Deoxyribose sugar?
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Adenine
Thymine Cytosine Guanine |
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In DNA, what are the complimentary pairs that bond with bases?
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Adenine – Thymine
Thymine - Adenine Cytosine - Guanine Guanine – Cytosine HINT: AT/GC! |
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Genetic Code results from the order (sequence) that _____ occur.
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Bases
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Genetic Code determines ____ _____ to be manufactured.
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-Amino Acids
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____(1) bases in a row (triplet) codes for _____(2) Amino Acid.
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1.) Three
2.) One Ex: TTT = Lysine ATA Tyrosine |
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Sequence of Nucleotide Triplets (Amino Acids) direct the formation of _____ protein.
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One
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Sequences of DNA structure is called a _____.
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Gene
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Gene: segment of a _____ ______ (1) that carries the instructions for making one _____(2), always looking for the next thing that creates the change.
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1.) DNA molecule
2.) Protein |
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(DNA Structure)
Start & stop Triplets signal (a marker): Beginning of a Gene is _____ (1). End of a Gene is ______(2). |
1.) TAC
2.) ATT |
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RNA stands for ______ _____.
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Ribonucleic Acid
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All Ribonucleic Acid is formed in the ____.
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Nucleus
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RNA moves into & stay in _____ after formation.
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Cytoplasm
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The function of RNA is to carry out orders for ______ synthesis issues by DNA.
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Protein
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RNA structure is similar to DNA, except 5 carbon sugar is _________.
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Ribose
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The Nitrogenous bases of RNA are: (4)
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Adenine
Cytosine Guanine Uracil |
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RNA has the same bases as DNA except _____
is present instead of Thymine! |
Uracil
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_______(1) bases on RNA paired with bases on DNA.
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1.) Nitrogenous
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When Nitrogenous bases of RNA are paired with bases of DNA, it produces four new Complimentary Pairs. Name them.
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Adenine - Thymine
Cytosine - Guanine Guanine - Cytosine Uracil - Adenine |
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What are the three Functional types of RNA.
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mRNA – Messenger RNA
rRNA – Ribosomal RNA tRNA – Transfer RNA |
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(ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate)
Provides ______(1) for cell to carry out its function Formed by breakdown of ______(2). |
1.) Energy
2.) Glucose |
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Do we store ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)?
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No, we make it and then immediately use it.
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Whatever you _______ is how much your body makes of ATP each day.
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Weight
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(ATP - structure)
When high energy bonds are _____ the energy in the bond is released for cellular use. |
Hydrolyzed
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(ATP Breakdown)
ADP = ________ __________(1). Inorganic ______(2) group [Pi]. and ________(3). |
1.) Adenosine Diphosphate
2.) Phosphate 3.) Energy |
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(ATP Breakdown)
The reaction is reversible when enough energy is available to re-attach 3rd _______ group. |
Phosphate
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(ATP Production)
ATP consumed within _________ (time length). Continuously replenished. |
60 Seconds
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Without ATP , _____(1) can’t do work and life ______ (2) stop.
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1.) Cells
2.) Processes |
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(Other Nucleotides)
GTP = _________ __________(1). GTP is involved in ________ ______(2). |
1.) Guanosine Triphosphate
2.) Energy Transfer |
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(Other Nucleotides)
cAMP = _______ _________ _________ (3) |
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate
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(Nucleotide- Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate)
Second messenger – important in ______(1) function. Formed by removal of both high energy Pi’s from ___(2). Becomes “second messenger” within ___(3) and activates effects inside it. |
1.) Hormone
2.) ATP 3.) Cell |
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The study of cells is _______(1).
The ____(2) prefix refers to this as well. |
1.) Cytology
2.) Cyt |
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(Other Prefixes:)
Inter - means ______(1). Intra - means ______(2). Endo - means ______(3). Extra - means ______(4). |
1.) between
2.) within 3.) within 4.) outside |
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The cell is basic _______(1) & ______(2) unit of the body.
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1.) structural
2.) functional |
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The cell is an _________ unit, able to carry on all functions necessary to stay alive & to reproduce itself.
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Independent
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The cell chemically primarily consists of these 5 elements.
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Carbon
Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Trace amounts of other elements |
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The cell comes in all shape and sizes, their are over 200 kinds. They are usually highly ______(1), and are large to extend from ______ to ______ (2)
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1.) Specialized
2.) Spinal Cord to feet |
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Name the three major parts of the cell.
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Plasma Membrane
Nucleus Cytoplasm |
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(Plasma or Cell Membrane)
Boundary to maintain cell’s integrity Controls which materials get in & out of the cell (this is called _______(1). Communicates with other cells via specialized _____(2) on its surface. |
1.) Selective Permeability
2.) Proteins |
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The theory describing structure of Plasma or Cell Membrane is ______ ________ _______(1).
It has a double Layer of ________(2), and ______(3) embedded in a mosaic pattern. |
1.) Fluid Mosaic Model
2.) Phospholipids 3.) Proteins |
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(Plasma or Cell Membrane)
__________(1) = water soluble. Form outer surfaces of ______(2). __________(2) =water insoluble. fatty acid part tails. Face _________(4). Prevent water soluble materials from passing through membrane |
1.) Hydrophilic
2.) Membrane 3.) Hydrophobic 4.) interior |
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(Plasma or Cell Membrane)
In the Fluid Mosaic Model, their are _____(1) molecules embedded in bilayer that stabilize ____(2). They also make less ____(3) to water soluble molecules. |
1.) Cholesterol
2.) Membrane 3.) Permeable |
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(Plasma or Cell Membrane-Glycolipids)
Have short CHO chains. ______(1) bonded. Only on extra cellular face of ______ ______(2). Contribute to glycocalyx. |
1.) Covalently
2.) Plasma Membrane |
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The two distinct types of proteins in membrane are ____ ____(1) and ____ ___(2)
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1.) Integral proteins
2.) Peripheral proteins |
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(Proteins in Cell Membrane)
Integral proteins Many are ______(1) (small CHO groups attached). Most Pass completely through the bi layer. Have surfaces on both sides of membrane called ______ ______ (2). Globular (Functional). Transportation systems-Important in _______(3) and ______(3). |
1.) Glycoproteins
2.) Transmembrane proteins 3.) nerve signal and muscle contraction |
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(Integral proteins : Gated Channels)
________(1) - voltage changes across PM Chemical or ligand regulated (ligand: specific chemical-binds to receptor site on protein) Triggers gate. _________(2) : physical stress |
1.) Electrical
2.) Mechanical |
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(Integral proteins : Gated Channels)
Channel Proteins Act as a carrier - bind to a substance to move it through the _____ ______(1). Some serve as recognition sites or _______(2). Identify & attach to _____(3) important to cell function. |
1.) Plasma Membrane
2.) Receptors 3.) Molecules |