Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
excitable tissue
|
-muscles and neurons
--will respond to stimuli |
|
|
neurotransmitter
|
releases electrical signal
|
|
|
acetylcholine
|
neurotransmitter: the chemical that connects between the nerve and the muscle.
-found in skeletal muscle |
|
|
Obligatory synapse
|
muscle has to contract
|
|
|
dendrites
|
-processes
-will pass the message to the cell body -can have 0-many coming out of the cell body |
|
|
axon
|
-will carry message away from the cell body
-will have a consistent diameter -can be long or short -can have 0 or 1 -will end at synoptic end-feet; terminal b |
|
|
terminal bouton/ synaptic end-foot
|
possess neurotransmitters to pass along message through cells
|
|
|
synapse
|
communicating message to other cells
|
|
|
Neuron types: Anaxonic
|
no axon
-message will communicate a lot more slowly |
|
|
Neuron types: Bipolar neuron
|
dendrite and axon
|
|
|
Neuron types: multipolar
|
-a lot of dendrites and one axon
-most common types |
|
|
Schwanz cells
|
-supporting cell in N.S.
-Produces myelin sheath around the nerve (axon) by wrapping around it in sections -nodem of randier-between cells -wrap around a number of axon -Its possible for axons to be mylinated or nonmylinated |
|
|
Astrocytes
|
- supporting cell in C.N.S.
-(Function like satellite cells) support Nerve cells by removing toxins and storing oxygen -blood-brain barrier- where ever there is a capillary in system, will be surrounded by astrocytes to protect/prevent material from coming into the brain -controls osmotic pressure (prevent brain-swelling) -can prevent receiving medicine |
|
|
microgilla
|
-supporting cell in C.N.S.
-WBCs to clean up -Develop from mesoderm |
|
|
Ependymal cells
|
-supporting cell in CNS
-Cerebrospinal fluid (ESF) -prevent things flowing in/out |
|
|
Ollego dendrocytes
|
-supporting cell in CNS
-Produces myelin sheath around the nerve by wrapping around it in sections |
|
|
axon hillock
|
where most voltage-gated channels are located
|
|
|
refractory period
|
-time where it wont be stimulated again
-process happens within milliseconds |
|
|
Electrotonic conduction
|
Action potential- will start in axon hillock and spread the entire cell body of the neuron except for dendrites (which do not have voltage-gated channels/ action potential)
-Depolarizes entire neuron (all or nothing one an action potential enters) |
|
|
Saltatory conduction
|
-mylenated neurons- fast, depolarizes all parts for the cell (critical functions)
|
|
|
Psalm 1:1-2
|
Blessed is the man who does not walk in the counsel of the wicked or stand in the way of sinners or sit in the seat of mockers. But his delight is in the law of the Lord and on His law he meditates day and night.
|
|
|
synaptic delay
|
amount of time it takes for synapse (1-6) message is ½ millisecond
|
|
|
Divergence
|
spreading stimulation to multiple neurons are neuronal pools in CNS-- successive
|
|
|
convergence
|
alpha motor neuron (large and myelinated) provides input from a single neuron from multiple sources
|
|
|
serial processing
|
neurons or polls work in a sequential manner
|
|
|
serial processing
|
neurons or polls work in a sequential manner
|
|
|
reverberation
|
a feedback mechanism that may be excitatory or inhibitory (breath in/out)
|
|
|
3 major functions of blood
|
-transport
--hormones, heat, oxygen.. --perhaps everything you can think of is carried in the blood -Regulates --pH, body temperature, water in the cell by osmotic pressure -Protects --blood loss (clot), against intruders (WBCs, antibodies—chemicals we make to protect against intruders (bacteria, viruses etc)) |
|
|
Viscosity (of blood)
|
4.5-5.5% thicker than water
|
|
|
pH (of blood)
|
-has a very tight range of acidity, preferably likes to remain a little basic (7.25-7.46)
-regulated through buffers -carbonic acid: HCO3- + H+ → H2CO3→ CO2 +H2O |
|
|
plasma
|
55% of blood (most of blood)
|
|
|
Water (in blood)
|
-91.5%
-must remain hydrated to keep blood at desired viscosity -at a higher altitude body will carry more RBCs, can carry more oxygen |
|
|
Albutins
|
-protein in blood
-necessary to control osmotic pressure |
|
|
globulins
|
-protein in blood
- immune system |
|
|
fibrinogen
|
-protein in blood
-(inactive form)→fibrin (when activated—allows blood to clot) |
|
|
Hemocytoblasts
|
immature blood cells// pluripotent hematopoetic stem cells
|
|
|
anemia
|
- don’t have enough iron to carry the amount of oxygen needed
|
|
|
Pernicious anemia
|
treat it with iron and nothing happens, also low in vitamin B12
|
|
|
intrinsic factor
|
chemical in stomach which attaches to vitamin B12 and carries it through the stomach and protects it→ bringing it to the intestinal lining epithelium so it can be absorbed
|
|
|
Tranferrin
|
transfers iron back to the bone to be made into a new cell (will loose some Fe+2 but tries to maintain as much as possible)
|
|
|
The Cardiac Cycle
|
1) Atrial systole begins (contraction)
-diastole (relax) -can survive without perfectly functioning atria 2) Atria systole ends, atrial diastole begins -cardori tendonia keep them from inverting 3) ventricular systole—first phase -ventricular contraction pushes AV valves closed but does not create enough pressure to open |
|
|
S.A. Node (sinoatrial)
|
-pace maker of the heart (determines how fast it will beat)
|
|
|
functions of lymphoid system
|
-produce/ maintain, and distribute lymphocytes
-maintain route for hormone/nutrient/waste products |
|
|
lymph
|
1. interstitial fluid
2.lymphocytes (immune response) 3. macrophages collect/remove waste products in tissues |
|
|
B-cells
|
-bone marrow derived
-10-15% lymphocytes -plasmocytes- secrete antibodies |
|
|
NK cells
|
5-10% of lymphocytes
(natural killer) -attack foreign, cancer, infected cells |
|
|
lymphocytes
|
produce proteins called antibodies
|
|
|
T-cells
|
-originate in bone marrow
-Thymus dependent -90% lymphocytes |
|
|
lymphoid system composed of?
|
lymphatic vessels
spleen lymph nodes --thymus |
|
|
Function of neuroglia
|
-support
-secrete cerebro spinal fluid -phagocytosis |
|
|
coronary sulcus
|
separates atria from ventricles
|
|
|
Fibrous skeleton of heart functions?
|
-stabilize cells and valves
-support muscles cells/blood vessels/ nerves -distribute contraction forces -strength, elasticity -isolate atria from ventricles |
|
|
acetylcholine
|
lowers heart rate and contraction
|
|
|
norepinephrine
|
increases heart rate and force of contraction
|
|
|
what purposes do collaterals serve in the nervous system?
|
collaterals enable a single neuron to communicate with several other cells at the same time
|
|
|
Satellite cells
|
regulate the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the neuron cell body and the extracellular fluid and also isolate neuron from stimuli of other synapses
-Remove toxins and store oxygen --Kreb’s (oxygen) |
