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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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no innervation by parasympathetic stimulation
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sweat glands, hair follicle, adrenal glands, systemic veins, posterior pituitary, spleen, radial eye muscle, kidney, adipose tissue
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students, here are the various parasympathetic system responses kicking it alone.
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mechanoreceptors
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mechanical stimuli
ie stretch |
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thermoreceptors
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coldness and warmth
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chemoreceptors
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taste and smell
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nocireceptor
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pain
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Modality
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receptors are specialized for various types of stimuli.
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ie nocireceptor
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Afterimages
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stimulus is perceived even after it is removed
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Projection
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the stimulus is perceived from the area stimulated
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Adaptation
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habituation of a stimulus
phasic or tonic |
taste=phasic
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ANS Dysreflexia
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spinal cord being cut or severed
increased blood pressure increased heart rate red & sweaty above pale cold and clammy below |
GSW
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Raynaud's disease
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inappropriate sympathetic response of peripheral ateriols - autoimmune
excess contraction capillary tufts under nailbeds in severe cases causes necrosis |
lumpy fingers
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Preganglionic fiber
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B fiber
Ach derived from the lateral horn |
same for para and sym
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Postganglionic fiber
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C fiber
Ach, Epi, and Nor goes to the effector Sympathetic is primary Nor Parasympathetic is Ach |
different para to sym
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Bradykinin
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Binds to pain receptors
release sub P, release histamines, etc histamines + bradykinin increase cap. permeability synergisticly cause more pain |
+ feedback loop
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Function of Spinothalamic
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temperature and pain
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ascending tract
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Function of Anterior and Posterior Spinocerebellar
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proprioception
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ascending tract
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Function for the tectospinal
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head to ear
head to eye |
descending tract
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Name the tract for apendicular coordination
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lateral corticospinal
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descending tract
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Name the tract for equilibrium
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vistibulococlear
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descending tract
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when does sleepwalking occur?
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NREM
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stage 4
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REM
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eyes move rapidly back and forth under closed eyelids
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Cholinergic
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release Ach
fast action high number of vessicles in presynaptic membrane. short term duration |
ie
nicotine |
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Adrenergic
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releases Nor and Epi
slow reaction systemic longer duration endocytosis- amine pump |
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Nicotinic
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mimics nicotine
primarily excitatory sub. of cholinergic |
ie neuromuscular junction
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Muscarinic
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mimics a mushroom
excites ie. sweat glands inhibits ie. GI and heart |
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Subdivisions in Adrenergic
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alpha=Nor & beta=Epi
a1 & b1 are excitatory a2 & b2 are inhibitory b3= brown fat- thermogenesis |
old grocery store
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Paravertebral system
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above diaphragm
sup. , middle, and inferior cervical sympathetic |
heart
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Terminal Ganglionic
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CN #s: Parasympathetic
3- ciliary-> circular eye, tear 7-ptericopalantine-> nasal palate 7-submandibular->sublingual&subm 9-otic->parotid 10-vagus->80% of viscera |
CNs
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Prevertebral system
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blow diaphragm
sympathetic trunk greater, lesser, & lumbar splanchnic (Ach) to: celiac, sup. & inferior mesentaric (nor and epi) |
think guts
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Stages of NREM
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1. transition
2. light sleep 3. body temp and BP decrease 4. deepest level of sleep |
sleepwalking and fleeting thoughts
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Penile erection and feeling of paralysis if awakened occur during _____ stage of sleep
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REM
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thats me in the corner
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Pain receptors
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Nocireceptor with somatic and visceral projection.
naked nerve ending |
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thermoreceptor
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naked nerve ending
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pressure receptors
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lamellated corpuscle
pacinian corpuscle onion shaped within reticular dermis wide distribution |
layers
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type I mechanoreceptors
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merkel's discs
saucer shaped stratum basale same areas as corpuscles |
tonic
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type II mechanoreceptors
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"Ruffini"
elongated capsules hands, feel, sub Q, and joints serous and submucosal |
tonic
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corpuscle of touch
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"meissner's" corpuscle in dermal papilla.
egg shaped erogenous zones, tongue, hands, feet, lips |
phasic
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root hair plexus
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phasic
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2 Major subdivisions of the ANS
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Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
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duh!
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Grand Mal
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aura
tonic phase clonic postictal- deep sleep no NREM |
4 phases
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Simple Partial
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Jacksonian
jerky of one area (arm, leg,face) may spread completely aware |
president
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Complex Partial or psychomotor
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light flashes= trigger
blank stare random activity starts in temporal lobe long postictal |
run-up, pill rolling, etc.
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Absence
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Petit Mal
slow brain waves children blank stare start/stop rapidly |
little
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Syncope
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fainting
pale and moist mimic seizure |
swoon
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Sympathetic NS response is
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fight or flight
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Parasympathetic
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rest and repose
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ANS transmitters
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Ach
Norepinephrine Epinephrine |
not just Ach
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How long does it take for a person to go from stage 1 to 4 of NREM?
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less than 1 hour
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Histamine and bradykinin increase _______ permeability.
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capillary
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Tract for Axial coordination
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anterior corticospinal
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descending
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Function of the Anterior spinothalamic
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touch and pressure
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ascending
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Function of the cuneatus and gracilis
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proprioception
stereognosis vibration 2 pt discrimination |
ascending
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The preganglionic fiber is a ____ fiber derived from the lateral horn
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B
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The postganglionic fiber is a C fiber the sends Ach, Nor, or Epi to the ____
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Effector
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Most receptors have one or the other subtype. The action is overall ______ especially with an "adrenal kick"
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vote
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Bradykinin causes the release of ______ which binds to _________.
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Substance P
Most cells |
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Neurons in the ________ and _______ turn REM sleep on and off.
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pons
midbrain |
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Phasic adaptation
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fast habituation of a stimulus
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Tonic adaptation
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slow habituation of a stimulus
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pain is
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Circadian Rhythm
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24 cycle of sleep and wakefulness established by the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus.
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sleep
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Impacted cerumen can be treated by irrigation of the ear canal
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True
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The outer ear contains cells that produce cerumen
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True
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Muscles of the inner ear
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tensor tympani
stapedius |
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Frequency range for the human ear
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20 to 20K
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3 bones of the middle ear
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malleus
incus stapes |
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Tympanic membrane can be viewed with
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an otoscope
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dr uses
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Otosclerosis
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immobile stapes due to new bone growth around oval window
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Glasgow coma scale:
eye |
4-spontaneous
3- to voice 2- to pain 1-none |
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Glasgow coma scale: verbal
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5- oriented (time,place,person,self)
4-confused 3-inappropriate 2-incomprehensible 1-none |
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Glasgow coma scale: motor
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6-obey
5-localization 4-withdrawl 3-decorticate 2-decerebrate 1-none |
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Short term memory
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reverbatory circuit
consolidation with age <20 secs |
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Long Term memory
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hippocampus
medial temporal lobe amygdala area of cerebral cortex |
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Light reaction
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Hyperpolarization
harder to fire transducin activates phosphodiesterase cGPM + 2PO4----> GTP |
per
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Dark Reaction
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hypopolarization
easier to fire cGMP opens sodium channels to release glutamate |
po
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cones
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color
high resolution central (fovea) 1:1 ratio with bipolar cells |
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rods
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light / dark
low resolution low light peripheral vision convergent 600:1 ratio with bipolar cells |
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Anterior Pituitary hormones
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thyroid stimulating (TSH)
follicle-stimulating (FSH) luteinizing (LH) prolactin (PRL) growth (GH) arenocorticotropic (ACTH) |
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Posterior Pituitary hormones
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antidiuretic (ADH) vasopressin
oxytosin (OT) |
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Thyroid gland
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thyroxine (T4)
triodothyronine (T3) calcitonin |
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Adrenal medulla
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Epi
Nor |
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Adrenal Cortex
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Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids Androgens |
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islets of pancreas
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glucagon
insulin |
diabetes
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Adrenal medulla is the outer portion of the adrenals
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True
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zona fasiculata causes hight glucogenesis and high blood pressure
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True
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Zona reticularis is stronger than testosterone and cannot be converted peripherally to testosterone
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False
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Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a genatic disorder caused by a lack of enzymes for cortical synthesis
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True
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Follicular cells produce a long polymer of iodine and tyrosine called thyroglobin.
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True
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In a child, a decrease in growth hormone (GH) is called gigantism
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false
dwarfism |
duh!
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In hormone transport, the receptor undergoes induced fit
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True
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0.1 to 10% of all hormones have free fraction
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True
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Pharamones
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species specific external hormones
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ie sweat
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Cushing's
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decreased immune system
increased blood sugars fat redistribution increased BP hypersecretion |
adrenals
moon face |
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Addison's
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Hyposecretion
antibodies against ACTH receptors muscle weakness decreased blood sugars skin bronzing |
Kenedy
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The zona glomerulosa primarily secretes
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aldosterone
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most abundant minerocorticoid
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_________ undergoes loop breakage to release hormones
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thyroglobulin
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Some functions of the thyroid
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increase secretion of cholesterol as bile
increase basal metabolic rate |
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Parathyroid hormone causes
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high blood calcium
high vitamin D synthesis high amount of osteoclasts low amount of osteoblasts |
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Hormone causes the release of IGFS
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growth hormone (GH)
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Antidiuretic hormone
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decreases urinary output
decreases persperation raises blood pressure |
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Locations of gustatory
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tongue
soft palate throat |
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Taste never fully adapts
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True
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Omani is the sensation for fatty acids
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True
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Cranial nerves for gustation
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7,9,10
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In relation to taste, glossopharyngial nerve controls
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posterior 1/3 of tongue
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Sense of taste is tonic
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False
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In taste, 50% of all action potential is reduced in the first ______ seconds
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2 to 3
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Treatment for otosclerosis
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remove excess tissue
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modioles are the spongy bone of the inner ear
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True
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Labyrinthian disease is a hypersensitivity of the inner ear
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True
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Most refraction takes place in the
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cornea
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not lens
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glaucoma is caused by _______ pressure in the anterior chamber.
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high
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number one cause of blindness
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glaucoma
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accommodation
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the ability to focus on objects near and far
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refraction
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bending of light waves
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myopia
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near sighted
only up close |
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hyperopia
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far sighted
distance |
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cataract
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increased opacity of the lens
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strabismus
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cross eyed
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to smell something, it must be partially water and lipid soluble
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True
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We recognize _____ scents
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6 to 8
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A "nose" can distinguish up to _____ scents
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200 to 300
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Scent that humans are most sensitive to
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methylmercaptan
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presbyopia is due to
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a decrease in lens flexibility
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