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258 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
contract and relax
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electrical
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repolarization and depolarization
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mechanical
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systole(contract)
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depolarization
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diastole(relaxation)
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repolarization
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measures electrical current in heart
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electrocardiogram
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decrease HR at rest, rest and digest
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parasympathetic
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increase HR at rest, fight or flight
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sympathetic
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specialized cells in right atrium that alter HR by altering speed of action potential conduction through the heart, these impulses cauase the atria to contract
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sino atrial node, pacemaker
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delayed impulse giving the atria time to fully contract before impulse is sent to ventricle
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atrioventricular node
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septum of heart, separates right and left branches
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bundle of HIS
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wind superiorly after they branch from the bundle of HIS, send impulses through ventricles causing them to contract form apex to base
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purkinje fibers
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electrical depolarization of atria, occurs just prior to atrial systole(mechanical contraction)
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P wave
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electrical depolarization of ventricles, occurs prior to ventricular systole (mechanical contraction), hides wave of atrial repolariation, (diastole-relaxation)
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QRS wave
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electrical repolarization of ventricle, occurs prior to ventricular relaxation, diastole
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T wave
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count of QRS complexes in a given time period
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heart rate
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repolarization of ventricles occurs just prior to what?
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ventricular diastole
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the QRS complex occurs just prior to the mechanical event of what?
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ventricular systole
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electrical depolarization of the atria occurs just prior to what?
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atrial systole
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this electrical event occurs just prior to the mechanical event of atrial systole
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P wave
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what event on an EKG hides atrial repolarization
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QRS complex
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this conductile tissue sens the cardiac action potentials through the ventricles causing them to contract apex to base
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purkinje fibers
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where does the electrical signal in the heart travel to next after it has arrived at the Bundle of HIS
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purkinje fibers
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what mechanical event follows the Pwave in an EKG
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atrial systole
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the electrical event indicating depolarization of the ventricles is depicted on an EKG by
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QRS complex
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the spontaneous depolarization/repolarization events occur in a regular and continuous manner in cardiac muscle, referred to as-
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rhthmicity
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reduced permeability to potassium ions but still allow sodium ions to leak into cells
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automaticity
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stroke volume x heart rate, amt of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute
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cardiac output
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amount of blood pumped/contraction of each ventricle
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stroke volume
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rapid breathing would occur as a result of
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low blood pH
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if a person'g stroke volume decreased and their heart rate stayed the same, what effect would this have on their cardiac output
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it would decrease
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in the frog cardiovascular physio-ex exercise, what happened to the HR after the addition of pilocarpine?
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decreased
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in physio ex what happend to hr after addition of atropine
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increased
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in physio ex what happened to HR after addition of epinephrine
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double increase
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what happened to HR after addition of digitalis
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double decrease
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can healthy heart muscle tetanize?
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yes
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which leukocyte releases histamine
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basophil
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man has a wbc count of 2000 wbc per cubic millimeter of blood. what disorder does he have?
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leukemia
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name a function of eosinophils
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kill parasitic worms
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B lymphocytes function to
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mature into plasma cells
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T lymphocytes function to
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attack other cells that have been directly infected
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blood is classified as which type of tissue
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connective tissue
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after spinning blood in a centrifuge where deo the formed elements end up in the test tube
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bottom
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a person with A and B antigens on their red blood cells has what blood type
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AB
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what is the most common leukocyte
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neutrophil
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what test would you perform to if you suspected your patient was anemic
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hematocrit
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my blood coagulate/clots with anti A and anti Rh, it doesn't coagulate with anti Bwhat is my blood type
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A+
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which condition is characterized by an abnormal excess of erythrocytes
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polycythemia
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a person with blood type O has which antibodies in their plasma
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anti A and anti B
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if a male has hematocrit of 59 RBCs what would your diagnosis be
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polycythemia
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what is the least numerous WBC
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basophil
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what is the range for a normal female RBC count
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4.3-5.2 million rbc/mm
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abnormal proliferation of immature WBC
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leukemia
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what areagranulocytic WBCs
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monocytes, lymphocytes, T cells and B cells
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fxn of the platelets is
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blood clotting
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what blood type is the universal donor
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o-
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you put anti A in a blood sample and there is clotting. you put anti B into the same blood and it also clots, what is the blood type
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AB
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do birds have nucleated erythrocytes
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yes
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what is normal RBC count
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4.5 in females, 5.5 in males
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what is a normal WBC count
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4000-11000
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what is normal hematocrit
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47+-7(male), 42+-5(female)
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three types of leykocytes in order from most to least common
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neutrophil,eosinophil,basophil
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differential WBC count tells you that
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there is a problem or source of pathology
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non living fluid matrix
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plasma
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living cells
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formed elements
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RBC, transport O2 carried in blood
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erythrocytes
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WBC, defense system
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leukocytes
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low oxygen carrying capacity of blood, symptom of diseased state
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anemia
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more than 11,000 WBC, typical response to bacterial or viral invasion in body
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leukocytosis
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less than 4000 WBC, immune system abnormalities
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leukopenia
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presence or absence of antigens allows each person's blood cells to be classified into several different groups
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aggluntinagens
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you put anti A in a blood sample and there is clotting. you put anti B into the same blood and it also clots, what is the blood type
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AB
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do birds have nucleated erythrocytes
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yes
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what is normal RBC count
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4.5 in females, 5.5 in males
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what is a normal WBC count
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4000-11000
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what is normal hematocrit
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47+-7(male), 42+-5(female)
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three types of leykocytes in order from most to least common
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neutrophil,eosinophil,basophil
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differential WBC count tells you that
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there is a problem or source of pathology
|
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non living fluid matrix
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plasma
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living cells
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formed elements
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RBC, transport O2 carried in blood
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erythrocytes
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WBC, defense system
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leukocytes
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low oxygen carrying capacity of blood, symptom of diseased state
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anemia
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more than 11,000 WBC, typical response to bacterial or viral invasion in body
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leukocytosis
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less than 4000 WBC, immune system abnormalities
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leukopenia
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presence or absence of antigens allows each person's blood cells to be classified into several different groups
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aggluntinagens/antigens
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performed, float in plasma, act against agglutinagens that are not present on a persons own RBCs
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agglutinins/antibodies
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gray squiggles with purple dots
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leukemia
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little pink dots
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human polycythemia
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1/2 moon shapes
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sickle cell anemia
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goldish color, biconcave, lighter in the middle, no nucleas
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human blood
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pink/purple dots ver tiny and close together, no nucleus
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cat blood
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pink, little larger than cat clutered pink with blue trapped inside, no nucleus
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camel blood
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light purple tiny close dots with darker purple on top, close together, nucleated
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bird blood
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like fish, but dots are bigger, darker purple, nucleated
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frog blood
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small eye balls, smaller than frog, lighter and more spread out, nucleated
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fish blood
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performed, float in plasma, act against agglutinagens that are not present on a persons own RBCs
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agglutinins/antibodies
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gray squiggles with purple dots
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leukemia
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little pink dots
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human polycythemia
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1/2 moon shapes
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sickle cell anemia
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goldish color, biconcave, lighter in the middle
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human blood
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small very scattered purple dots
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horsehoe crab/limulus
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measured blood pressure using sphymomanometer is?
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systolic/diastolic
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amount of air you can maximally expire after maximal inspiration
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vital capacity
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this type of receptor senses changes in H+ and O2 in vessels which regulate blood pressure
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chemoreceptors
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measured resistance blood encounters as it passes through the vessels depending on vessel constriction and blood viscosity
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total peripheral resistance
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what happens to BP during exercise
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increases
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how does change in blood viscosity affect blood pressure
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the less vicious the lower the BP
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what part of the brain controls both blood pressure and respiration
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medulla oblongata
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blood pressure=
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cardiac output x total peripheral resistance
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the amount of air that can be maximally expired after a maximal inspiration is
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vital capacity
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receptors in the aorta and the carotid arteries, they sense changes in blood pressure
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baroreceptors
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when you exercise the buildup of H+ in your blood makes your blood
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more acidic
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what receptor type sense changes in CO2 and H+ in the plasma
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chemoreceptors
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amount of blood moving through body area or entire cardio system in a given amount of time
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blood flow
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force blood exerts against wall of a BV
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blood pressure
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opposition of blood flow resulting from friction as blood goes through BV
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peripheral resistance
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thickness of blood
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blood viscosity
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volume in ventricles at end of diastole before contraction
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end diastolic volume
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blood remaining in ventricles at end of systole
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end systolic volume
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amount of blood pumped per contraction of each ventricle
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stroke volume
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amount of blood pumped by each ventricle/min
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cardiac output
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amount of ari exhaled or inhaled during rest
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tidal volume
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amount of air in lungs after complete exhalation
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residual volume
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amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation
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inspiratory reserve volume
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amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation
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expiratory reserve volume
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total vol x breaths per min
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minute respiratory volume
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vital capacity
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total volume+inspiratory reserve volume+ expiratory reserve volume
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blood pressure
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cardiac output x total peripheral resistance
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cardiac output
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blood pumped per min x heart rate
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|
averatge blood pressure
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120/80 (systolic/diastolic)
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sympathetic enervation causes
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increased HR at rest
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total amount of air lungs can hold
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total lung capacity
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constriction of vessels
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increase total peripheral resistance
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dilation of vessels
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decrease total peripheral resistance
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peripheral resistance depend on what?
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blood viscosity, vessel length, vessel radius
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the amount of blood pumped by the heart in a single beat is called
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stroke volume
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if stroke volume decreased, what would HR do?
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increase
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bile does what to fats
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emulsifies them
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what are the products of lipid digestion
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glycerides and 3 fatty acids
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parasympathetic enervation causes
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decreased HR at rest
|
|
what enzyme causes bread to taste sweet when it is digested
|
salivary amylase
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high levels of CO2 make the blood
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acidic
|
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the chewing process is called
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mastication
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after the digestive process, what are excess sugars stored as
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glycogen
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in what environment does pepsin work best
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acidic
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name the enzyme that digests protein in the small intestine
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trypsin
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what term is used to describe the effect high heat has on enzymes
|
denaturation
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true or false, bile salts digest lipids into fatty acids and glycerides
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false
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what is the ratio for carbs C,H,O
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1:2:1
|
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pepsin would digest what food
|
chicken
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salivary amylase would digest what food
|
french bread
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pancreatic lipase would digest what food
|
olive oil
|
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test tube w/ 5ml water, 2ml 10% starch in 37 deg. water bath, tests neg for reducing sugars, why?
|
no amylase in the solution
|
|
large protein molecules produced by body cells
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enzymes
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molecules on whih they act
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substrates
|
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enzyme produced by salivary glands
|
salivary amylase
|
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enzyme produced by pancreas
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trypsin
|
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enzymatic production of pancreas
|
pancreatin
|
|
hydrolysases fats and oils
|
pancreatic lipase
|
|
protein digestion
|
hydrolysis
|
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breakdown large particles
|
emusification
|
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what are 3 need for digestion
|
right enzyme, environment, substrates
|
|
pH in mouth
|
6.75-7, slightly acidic
|
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pH in stomach
|
2, acidic
|
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pH in small intestine
|
8, basic
|
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measure of acidity or alkalinity(basic) of a solution
|
pH
|
|
breakdown begins in mouth
|
salivary amylase
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breakdown in small intestine
|
pancreatic amylase
|
|
storage fat is glycerol bound to 3 fatty acids
|
lipids
|
|
enzyme in stomach
|
pepsin, acidic env. pH 2
|
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enzyme in small intestine
|
trypsin, basic env. pH 8-11
|
|
perfect test tube for carb digestion
|
in mouth, amylase and starch, no heat or ice
|
|
what is the substrate for lipid digestion
|
litmus cream (lipid)
|
|
what is the enzyme for lipid digestion
|
lipase
|
|
perfect test tube for lipid digestion
|
lipid, lipase and bile salt
|
|
what is the substrate for protein digestion
|
albumin
|
|
what is the enzyme for protein digestion
|
pepsin
|
|
perfect test tube for protein digestion
|
pepsin, HCL(pH 1 or 2) and albumin
|
|
looks like an ear on the side of face
|
parotid gland
|
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little tiny ear
|
accessory parotid gland
|
|
conects parotid and accessory
|
parotid duct
|
|
under tongue
|
sublingual gland
|
|
long tube
|
esophagus
|
|
filled in red circle off of stomach
|
pyloric sphincter
|
|
red lining in stomach
|
rugae of stomach
|
|
in between liver lobes
|
falciform ligament
|
|
under right liver, small and green
|
gallbladder
|
|
yellow stuff between intestines
|
mesentery
|
|
purple, beside left lobe of liver
|
spleen
|
|
orange/yellow
|
pancreas
|
|
long, red, below liver
|
duodenum
|
|
yellow line between duodenum and pancreas
|
common bile duct
|
|
right by the gallbladder, yellow, barely able to see
|
cystic duct
|
|
below liver, yellow
|
common hepatic duct
|
|
pigment arising from body's destruction of hemoglobin
|
urochrome
|
|
urine excessively concentrated, crystalize
|
kidney stones/renal canaliculi
|
|
high blood sugar
|
glycosuria
|
|
albumin in urine
|
albuminuria
|
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increase membrane permeability
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physiologic albuminuria
|
|
presence of fat metabolism in excessive amounts
|
ketonuria
|
|
RBC in urine
|
hematuria
|
|
hemoglobin in urine
|
hemoglobinuria
|
|
bile pigments in urine
|
bilirubinuria
|
|
WBC in urine
|
pyuria
|
|
chemical substances that form crystals or precipitate from solution
|
unorgainzed sediments
|
|
urine is negative, increases epithelial cells, pus cells, RBC and casts
|
organized sediments
|
|
pH range in urine
|
4.5-8, normal=6, changes caused by infection or vegetarian lifestyle
|
|
specific gravity of urine
|
1.001-1.030, heavier than water b/c of dissolved solutes
|
|
what happens if urine is excessively concentrated
|
dissolved solutes will percipitate and form kidney stones or renal caliculi
|
|
what are normal urinary constituents
|
water, urea, sodium, potassium, phosphate, sulfate ions, creatine, uric adid
|
|
what condition is caused by glucose and indicative of diabetes mellitus
|
glycosuria
|
|
what in the urine is indicative of glomerular damage
|
albuminuria
|
|
presence of this in urine is an indication of abnormal metabolic process because of starvation or diabetes
|
ketone bodies, ketonuria
|
|
presence of RBC in urine
|
erythrocytes
|
|
condition indicative of liver pathology, hetpatitis, cirrhosis
|
bilirubinuria
|
|
presence of WBCs in urine, indication in urinary tract
|
leukocytes
|
|
name 3 constituents that might be present if a urinary tract infection exists
|
WBC, RBC, casts
|
|
how does a urinary tract infection influence urine pH
|
becomes alkaline
|
|
how does starvation influence urine pH
|
becomes acidic
|
|
name 3 major nitrogenous wastes found in the urine
|
urea, uric acid, creatine*
|
|
what is the primary fuction of the kidneys?
|
to remove nitrogenous wastes
|
|
what are the secondary functions of the kidneys?
|
maintaining electrolyte, acid-base, and fluid balance
|
|
what is the daily filtration of urine
|
~200L of fluid
|
|
what is the functional unit of the kidney
|
nephron
|
|
what is a tuft of capillaries
|
glomerulus
|
|
processes plasma-derived filtrate to form urine, directly connects to Bowman's capsule, remainder of 5 sections
|
renal tubule
|
|
what reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, Na+ and K+,secretes ammonium into filtrate to maintain pH
|
proximal convoluted tubule
|
|
what is freely permeable to water, and not ions
|
descending loop of henle
|
|
what facislitates diffusion of Na+, K+ and Cl- and impermeable to water
|
ascending loop of henle
|
|
what has selective secretion and reabsorption of Na+, Cl- and H+
|
distal convoluted tubule
|
|
tubules that transport urine from kidneys
|
ureters
|
|
muscular sac that temporarily stores urine
|
bladder
|
|
muscles tube that drains urine from bladder and excretes it out of body
|
urethra
|
|
what influences the relase of the indirect aldosterone into blood
|
adrenal cortex
|
|
what influences the realse of direct antidiuretic hormone (ADH)into blood
|
posterior pituitary gland
|
|
all biochemical reactions in the body
|
metabolism
|
|
breakdown materials
|
catabolism
|
|
build up molecules
|
anabolism
|
|
fixed body temperature
|
homeothermic
|
|
maintain metabolism and body heat
|
thyroxine
|
|
causes thyroid to produce more thyroxine
|
thyroid stimulating hormone
|
|
blood of thyroxine gland
|
target tissue
|
|
removal of thyroid
|
thyroidectomy
|
|
drug inhibits production of thyroxine
|
propylthiouracil
|
|
insulin not produced by pancreas
|
diabetes mellitus type 1
|
|
insulin produced by pancreas but the body fails to respond to it
|
diabetes mellitus type 2
|
|
drug that kills insulin production cells and makes diabetic
|
alloxan
|
|
what is the study of glands and their hormonal secretions
|
endocrinology
|
|
what is the series of ductless glands that secrete messenger molecules (hormones) into the circulation. these travel to distant body cells and result in physiological responses
|
endocrine system
|
|
tissu which is the receptor and affector for a hormone thyroid
|
target tissue
|
|
cause uptake of glucose into cell ot be stored as glycogen
|
insulin
|
|
maturation of developing follicle
|
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
|
|
in the metabolism experiment, what was the effect of thyroxine on the overall metabolic rate of animals
|
thyroxine increased metabolic rates of animals
|
|
what inhibits the level of thyroxine
|
propylthiouracil
|
|
what hormones major action is to promote uterine growth?
|
estradiol
|
|
if testosterone was used in place of estrogen would there be a change?
|
no because different hormones have different receptors and modes of action
|
|
what drug caused the rat to become diabetic
|
alloxan
|
|
when insulin travels to cells of the body, concentration of what compund will elevate within the cells?
|
glucose
|