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163 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Groups of cells that are similar in structure and fuction are called ____
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Tissues
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Name the four primary tissue types.
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* Epithelium
* Connective Tissue * Muscle * Nervous Tissue |
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To perform specific body functions, the tissues are organized into _______ such as the heart, kidneys, and lungs.
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organs
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_____ is the study of tissues, complements a study of gross anatomy and provides the structural basis for a study of organ physiology
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Histology
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_____ _____, covers surfaces. For example: epithelium covers the external body surface.
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Epithelial Surface
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Supported by the connective tissue. The cells are attached to and supported by an adhesive _____ _____, which is an amorphous material secreted partly by the epithelium cell (basal lamina) and connective tissue cells (reticular lamina) that lie adjacent to each other
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basement membrane
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____ ____ consists of one layer of cells attached to the basement membrane.
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Simple epithelia
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_____ _____, consisting of two or more layers of cells
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Squamous epithelia
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This epithelium is often ciliated
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Pseudostratified epithelium
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____ ____, is a rather peculiar stratified squamous epi formed of rounded, or "plump" cells with the ability to slide over one another to allow the organ to be stretched.
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Transitional Epi
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_____ _____ is found in the urinary system
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Transitinal Epi
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____ glands, lose their surface connection (duct) as they develop; thus they are referred to as ductless glands. Their secretions (all hormones) are extruded directly into the blood or the lymphatic vessels that weave through the glands
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Endocrine Glands
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_____ glands, retain their ducts, and their secretions empty through these ducts to an epithelial surface.
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Exocrine glands
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The ____ glands include the seat and oil glands, liver, and pancreas--are both internal and external
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Exocrine Glands
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____ ____ is found in all parts of the body as discrete structures or as part of various body organs.
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Connective Tissue
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the most abundant and widely distributed of the tissue types
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Connective Tissue
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____ connective tissue--is a soft packaging material that cushions and protects body organs
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Areolar
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_____ tissue (fat) provides insulatio for the body tissues and a source of stored food
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Adipose
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Blood forming _____ tissue replenishes the body's supply of red blood cells .
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Hematopoietic
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The ____ has two components ground substance and fibers
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Matrix
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____ _____ is composed chiefly of iterstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans
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Ground substance
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Connective tissue ____ include collagen, elastic, and reticular
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fibers
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releases histamine
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mast cells
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The ____ are special supporting cells that protect, support, and insulate the delicate neurons
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Neuroglia
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The ____ are highly specialized to receive stimuli and to conduct waves of excitation, or impulses, to all parts of the body.
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Nervous Tissue
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____ ____ is highly specialized to contract and produces most types of body movement. As you might expect, muscles cells tend to be elongated, providing a long axis for contraction
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Muscle Tissue
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The "meat" or flesh of the body, is attached to the skeleton. It is under voluntary control, and and its contraction moves the limbs and other external body parts.
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Skeletal muscle
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The cells of ____ ____ are long, cylindrical, and multinucleate with the nuclei pushed to the periphery of the cell; they have obvious striations
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Skeltal muscle
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____ muscle is found only in the heart
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cardiac
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As it contracts, the heart acts as a pump, propelling the blood into the blood vessels
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Cardiac muscle
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Location: nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach anal canal), gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus.
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Simple Columnar
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Description: Single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain goblet cells and bear cilia.
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Pseudostratified columnar epe
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Funtion: Secretion, particularly of mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action.
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Pseudostratified columnar epi
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Location: Nonciliated type in male's sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands; ciliated variety lines the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract.
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Pseudostratified columnar epi
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Description: Thick membrane composed of several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active; surface cells are flattened (squamous); in the keratized type. the suface cells are full of keratin and dead; basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more superficial layers.
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Stratified squamous epi
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Function: Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion.
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Stratified squamous epi
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Function: Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion.
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Stratified Squamous Epi
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Location: Nonkeratinized type forms linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane.
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Stratified Squamous Epi
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Decription: Generally two layers of cubelike cells.
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Stratified cuboidal epi
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Function: Protection
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Stratified cuboidal
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Location: Largest ducts of sweat glands, and salivary glands
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Stratified cuboidal
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Description: Several cell layers; basal cells usually cuboidal; superficial cells elongated and columnar.
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Stratified columnar epi
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Function: Protection, Secretion
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Stratified columanr epi
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Location: Rare in the body; small amounts in male urethra and in large ducts of some glands.
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Stratified columnar epi
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Description: Resembes both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamouslike, depending on degree of organ stretch.
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Transition epi
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Funtion: Stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine.
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Transitional epi
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Location: Lines the ureters, bladder, and part of the urethra.
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Transitional epi
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____ ____ is found in all parts of the body as discrete structures or as part of various body organs. It is the most abundant and widely distributed of the tissue types
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Connective Tissue
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____ ____ primarily Protect, support, and bind together other tissues of the body.
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Connective Tissue
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Bones are composed of ___ ___
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Connective Tissue
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The ligaments and tendons ___ CT bind the bones together or bind skeletal muscles to bones
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Dense CT
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_____ CT is a soft packaging material that cushions and protects body organs.
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Areolar CT
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_____ (fat) tissue provides insulation for the body tissues and a source of sted food.
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Adipose
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Blood forming ______ tissue replenishes the body's supply of red blood cells.
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Hematopoietic
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The ____ _____ is compose chiefly of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans.
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Ground Substance
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The fibers in which provide support include.
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Collagen
Elastic Reticular |
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_____ fibers are most abundant
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Collagen
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Name the four main types of adult connective tissue, all of which typically have large amounts of matrix. These are ____ ____ (which includes areolar, adipose, reticular, and dense CT) _____, _____, and _____
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Connective Tissue Proper
Cartilage Bone Blood |
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____ cells which has large, darkly staining granules in its cytoplasm
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mast cells
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Description: Gel-like matrix with all three fiber types; cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells.
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CT proper: loose CT areolar
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Funtion: Wraps and cushions organs; its macrophages phagocytize bacteria; plays important role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid.
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CT proper; loose CT areolar
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Location: Widely distributed under epithelia of body, forms lamin propria of mucous membranes; packages organs; surrounds capillaries.
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CT proper; loose CT areolar
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Description: Matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes, or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet.
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CT proper; loose CT, adipose
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Function: Provides reserve fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs
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CT proper; loose CT adipose
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Location: Under skin; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts
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CT proper; Loose CT, adipose
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Description; Network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; retular cells lie on the network.
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CT proper; loose CT, reticular
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Funtion; fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages.
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CT proper; loose CT, reticular
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Location; Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen).
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CT proper; loose CT, reticular
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Description; Primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastin fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast.
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CT proper; dense CT, dense regular
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Description: Gel-like matrix with all three fiber types; cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells.
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CT proper: loose CT areolar
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Funtion: Wraps and cushions organs; its macrophages phagocytize bacteria; plays important role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid.
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CT proper; loose CT areolar
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Location: Widely distributed under epithelia of body, forms lamin propria of mucous membranes; packages organs; surrounds capillaries.
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CT proper; loose CT areolar
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Description: Matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes, or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet.
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CT proper; loose CT, adipose
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Function: Provides reserve fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs
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CT proper; loose CT adipose
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Location: Under skin; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts
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CT proper; Loose CT, adipose
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Description; Network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; retular cells lie on the network.
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CT proper; loose CT, reticular
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Funtion; fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages.
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CT proper; loose CT, reticular
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Location; Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen).
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CT proper; loose CT, reticular
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Description; Primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastin fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast.
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CT proper; dense CT, dense regular
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Function: Attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction.
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CT proper; dense CT, dense regular
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Location: Tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses.
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CT proper; dense CT, dense regular
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Description; Primarily irregualarly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast.
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CT tissue proper; dense CT, dense irregular
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Funtion: able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength.
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CT proper; dense CT, dense irregular
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Location: Dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract; fibrous capsules of organs and of joints.
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CT proper; dense CT, dense irregular
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Description: Amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature (chondrocytes) lie in lacunae.
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Cartlage: Hyaline
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Function: Supports and reinforces; has resilient cushioning properites; resists compressive stress.
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Cartilage: Hyaline
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Location: Forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx
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Cartilage; Hyaline
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D- Similar to hyaline carilage, but more elastic fibers in matrix.
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Catilage; elastic
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F- Maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility.
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Cartilage; elastic
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L- Supports the external ear (pinna); epiglottis
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Carilage; elastic
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D- Matrix similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate.
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Cartilage; fibrocartilage
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F- Tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock.
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Cartilage, fibrocartilage
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L- intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint
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Cartilag; fibrocartilage
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D- Hard, calcified matrix contaiing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacuane. very well vascularized
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Others: bone (osseous tissue)
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F- Bone supports and protects (by enclosing); provides levers for the muscles to act on; stores calcium and other minerals and fat; marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
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Others; bone (osseus tissue)
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L- Bones
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Others; bone (osseous tissue)
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D- Red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma).
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Others; blood
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F- Transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances
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Others; blood
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L- Contained within blood vessels.
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Others; blood
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D- Neurons are branching cells; cell processes that may be quite long extend from the nucleus-containing cell body; also contributing ot nervous tissue are noirritiable supporting cells (not illistrated)
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Nervous tissue
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F- Transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands) which cotorl their activity.
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Nervous Tissue
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L- Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
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Nervous Tissue
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All cells of nervous tissue except neurons; cells that perform various supportive and protective roles for the neurons.
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neuroglia
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A nerve cell; an electrically exitable cell specialized for producing and transmitting action potentials and secreting chemicals that stimulate adjacent cells.
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Neuron
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___ ___ is highly specialized to contract and produces most types of body movement.
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Muscle Tissue
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Striated voluntary muscle, almost all of which is attached to the bones
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skeletal muscle
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Striated involuntary mucle of the heart with intercalated discs.
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Cardiac Muscle
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A complex of fascia adherens, gap juctions, and desmosomes that join two cardiac muscle cells end to end; functions as a mechanical and electrical link between cells.
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intercalated disc
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Nonstriated involuntary muscle found in the walls of the blood vessels, many of the viscera, and other places
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Smooth muscle
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D- Branchin, striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized juctions (intercalated discs)
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Cardiac Muscle
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F- As it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation; involuntary control.
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Cardiac Muscle
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L- The walls of the heart
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Cardiac muscle
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D- Spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei; no striation; cells arranged closely to form sheets.
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Smooth Muscle
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F- Propels substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby) along internal passageways; involuntary control.
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Smooth muscle
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L- Mostly in the walls of hollow organs.
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Smooth Muscle
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An organ system consisting of the skin, cutaneous glands, hair, and nails.
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integumentary system
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A layer of connective tissue deep to the skin; also called superficial fascia, subcutaneous tissue, or when it is predominantly adipose, subcutaeous fat.
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Hypodermis
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_____ the most abundant epidermal cells, they function mainly to produce keratin fibrils
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Keratinocytes
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____ is a fibrous protein that gives the epidermsi its durability ad protective capabilities.
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Keratin
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_____ Spidery black cells that produce the brown-to-black pigment called melanin.
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Melanocytes
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The skin tans because ____ production increases when the skin is exposed to sunlight.
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Melanin
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_____ cells: also called epidermal dendritic cells, these cells play a role in immunity
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Langerhans' cells
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Occasional spiky hemispheres that, in conjuction with sensory nerve endings, form sensitive touch receptors called ____ discs located at the epidermal-dermal junction.
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Merkel Cells
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A single row of cells immediately adjacent to the dermis. Its cells are constantly undergoing mitotic cell division to produce millions of new cells daily, hence its alternate name stratum germinativum.
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Stratum basale
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A stratum consisting of several cell layers immediately superficial to the basal layer. Its cells contain thick weblike bundles of intermediate filaments made of a pre-keratin protein.
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Stratum Spinosum
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A thin layer named for the abundant granules its cells contain.
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Stratum Granulosum
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(clear layer) a very thin translucent band of flattened dead keratinocytes with indistinct boundaries. It is not present in regions of thin skin
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Stratum lucidum
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(horny layer): This outermost epi layer consists of some 20-30 cell layers, and accounts for the bulk of the epi thickness. They are dead and flattened scalelike remnants are fully keratinized. They are constantly rubbing off and being replaced by division of the deeper cells.
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Stratum Corneum
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____ ____: the more superficial dermal region composed of areolar connective tissue. It is very uneven and has fingerlike projections from its superior surface the dermal papillae, which attach it to the epidermis above.
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Papillary layer
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Bumps or ridges of dermis that extend upward to interdigitate with the epidermis and create a wavy boundary that resists stress and slippage of the epi.
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Dermal Papillae
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fingerprints are found in the..
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Papillary layer
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The pain and touch receptors
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Meissner's corpuscles
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The deepest skin layer
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Reticular layer
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pressure receptors
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Pacinian corpuscles
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What are bedsores?
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Decubitus ulcers
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A yellowish color of the skin, due to an excessive amount of bilirubin
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Jaundice
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When a persons adrenal cortex is hypoactive
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Addison's disease
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____ are hornlike derivatives of the epidermis
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Nail
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The accessory organs of the skin -- cutaneous glands, hair, and nails--are all derivatives of the epidermis ,but they reside in the _____
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Dermis
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Accessory organs of the skin originate from the ____ ____ and grow downward into the deeper skin regions
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Stratum basal
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The visible attached portion in nails
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Body
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The portion of the nail that grows out away from the body.
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Free edge
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The part that is embedded in the skin and adheres to an epithelial nail bed.
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Root
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Skin folds that overlap the borders of the nail
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Nail folds
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The thick proximal nail fold commonly called the cuticle.
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Eponychium
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Extension of the stratum basale beneath the nail
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Nail bed
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The thickened proximal part of the nail bed containing germinal cells responsible for nail growth. As the matrix produces the nail cells, they become heavily keratinized and die. Thus nails, like hairs, are mostly nonliving material.
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Nail Matrix
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The proximal region of th thickened nail matrix, which appears as a white crescent. Everywhere else, nails are transparent and nearly colorless, but they appear pink becuase of the blood supply in the underlying dermis.
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Lanula
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Structure consisting of a mdulla, a central region surrounded first by the cortex and then by a protctive cuticle.
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Hair
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The portion of the hair enclosed within the follicle is called the ____
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root
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The portion projectining from the scalp surface is called the ____
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shaft
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The hair ____ is a collection of well-nourished germinal epi. cells at the basal end of the follicle
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bulb
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An oblique epidermal pit that contains a hair and extends into the dermis or hypodermis
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Follicle
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A small nipple of dermal tissue that protrudes into the hair bulb from the CT sheath and provides nutrition to the growing hair is called the ____
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Papilla
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What muscle makes the hair stick up giving you goosebumps
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Arrector pili muscle
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___ an oily secretion of the sebaceous glands that keeps the skin and hair pliable.
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Sebum
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____ are accumulations of dried sebum, bacteria, and melanin from epi cells in the oil duct.
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Blackhead
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____ glands: aka merocrine sweat glands, these glands are distributed all over the body.
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Eccrine Glands
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___ glands: found predominantly in the axillary and genital areas. Apes stink
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Apocrine Glands
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The mucous membranes are composed of epithelial cells resting on a layer of loose connective tissue called the ____ ____
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Lamina Propria
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They line all body cavities that open to the body exterior- respiratory, digestive and urogentital tracts.
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Mucosae
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A membrane such as the peritoneum, pleura, or pericardium that lines a body cavity or covrs the external surfaces of the viscera; compes of a simple squamous mesothelium and a thin layer of areolar connective tissue.
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Serous Membrane
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____ ____, composed of connective tissue, with no epithelial cells. line cavities surrounding joints
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Synovial membranes
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