Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
206 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Name the cavaties of the ventral body.
|
Thoracic, and abdominopelvic
|
|
|
Name the subdivisions of the thoracic cavity
|
1. pleural cavity (houses lungs)
2. meidastinum (contains pericardial cavity, surronds thoracic organs) 3. pericardial cavity (encloses heart) |
|
|
Name the subdivisons of the abdominopelvic cavity.
|
1. abdominal (contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver)
2. pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) |
|
|
What does the parietal serosa line?
|
internal body walls
|
|
|
What does the visceral serosa cover?
|
internal organs
|
|
|
Describe the sagittal plane
|
divides the body vertically into left and right planes
|
|
|
Describe the frontal plane
|
divides the body vertially into anterior and posterior parts
|
|
|
Describe the transverse plane
|
divides the body horizontally into superior and inferior parts
|
|
|
What is the role of the dorsall cavity?
|
to protect the nervous system
|
|
|
What are teh two divisons of the dorsal cavity?
|
1. cranial cavity
2. vertebral cavity |
|
|
What is a neutron?
|
a neutral subatomic partical
|
|
|
What is a cation?
|
an electrically charged partical due to loss of an electron
|
|
|
Waht is a molecule?
|
smallest particle of a compound that still retains its propertites
|
|
|
What is an atom?
|
smallest particle of an element that retains its properties
|
|
|
What range describes an acid on the pH scale?
|
0-6.99
|
|
|
What range describes a neutral on the Ph scale?
|
7, the closes is milk or blood
|
|
|
What range describes a base on the Ph scale?
|
7.1 to 14
|
|
|
What is the function of triglycerides?
|
energy storage, insulation, protection
|
|
|
What is the function of the nuclear envelope?
|
contains pores for mRNA to travel with instruction
|
|
|
What is the function of Rough ER
|
proteins syntheis
|
|
|
Waht is the function of the GOldi apparatus?
|
distribution and packaging and modify proteins
|
|
|
What is the funciton of the peroxisome
|
contian digestive enzymes
|
|
|
What is the function of chromatin
|
site where DNA is stored
|
|
|
What is the function of nucleoulus?
|
makes mRNA
|
|
|
What is the function of Smooth Er
|
fat synthesis
|
|
|
What is the function of mitochondrion?
|
produce ATP
|
|
|
What is the function of centrioles?
|
plays a role in cell division
|
|
|
What is the function of teh cytoskeleton?
|
give support and flexibility
|
|
|
What are the types of membrane transport?
|
1. active
2. passive |
|
|
Facilitated diffusion is a type of passive transport and it uses ___.
|
carrier proteins
|
|
|
Is osmosis a passive process?
|
yes
|
|
|
What are integral proteins and their function?
|
firmly inserted into the membrane, transport proteins, enzymes, or receptors
|
|
|
Describe microtubules
|
hollow cytoskeletal elements that act as organizers for the cytoskeleton
|
|
|
What are the actual sites of proteins syntheiss
|
ribosomes
|
|
|
Positive feedback mechanisms ___ the original simulus
|
increase
|
|
|
Isotopes differ each other in the number of ____ contained
|
neutrons
|
|
|
Does facilitated diffusion always require a carrier proteins
|
no
|
|
|
What do negative feedback mechanisms do?
|
work to prevent sudden severe changes withing the body
|
|
|
What are some survival needs of the body?
|
atomospheric pressure, oxygen, nutrients, water
|
|
|
What do oils have that lipids dont
|
a high degree of unsturated bonds
|
|
|
A chemical reaction in which bonds are broken usually is associated with
|
release of energy
|
|
|
HOw are carbohydrates and proteins built up
|
by removing water molecule between each two units
|
|
|
What is transcytosis?
|
transporting something from one side of the cell to another by using exocytosis
|
|
|
Ionic bonds
|
formed by transfer of electrons between atoms
|
|
|
Covalent bonds
|
sharing of two or more valence shell electrosn
|
|
|
atomic number =
|
number of protons
|
|
|
What is Interphase?
|
the period from cell formation to cell division
|
|
|
What phase is the cell in most of the time?
|
Interphase
|
|
|
What are the four subphases of the cell cycle?
|
Gap 1, Gap 0, Synthetic, and Gap 2
|
|
|
What occurs in Gap 1 of Interphase?
|
vigorous growth and metabolism
|
|
|
What occurs in Gap 0 of Interphase?
|
cells permanetly cease dividing
|
|
|
What occurs in the synthetic phase of Interphase?
|
DNA replicates
|
|
|
What occurs in Gap 2 of Interphase?
|
Prperation for division
|
|
|
What is the first step in DNA replication?
|
the DNA helices begin unwinding from the nucleosomes
|
|
|
Each nucleotide strand serves as a template for __________.
|
building a new complementary strand
|
|
|
What is the end result of DNA replication and what is this process called?
|
Two DNA molecules fromed from the original, this process is called semiconservative replication
|
|
|
The mitotic phase of the cell refers to___ ___.
|
cell division
|
|
|
What is the purpose of cell division?
|
body growth and tissue repair
|
|
|
Where does mitosis NOT occur?
|
mature cells of the nervous tissue, skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscle
|
|
|
What are the four stages of mitosis?
|
Prophase
Meatphase Anaphase Telophase |
|
|
What is cytokenisis?
|
division of cytoplasm by clevage furrow
|
|
|
What is the state of the chromosomes in Prophase?
|
they become visible and each have two chromatids attached at a centromere
|
|
|
What are the events in Prophase?
|
1. centrosomes seperate and migrate toward opposite directions
2. spindle forms 3. nuclear envelope fragments 4. microtubles attach to centromere 5. poles are pulled apart |
|
|
What events occur in Metaphase?
|
the centromeres of chromosomes are aligned at the equator
|
|
|
Anaphase is the ____phase of mitosis.
|
shortest
|
|
|
What events occur in Anaphase?
|
1. centromeres of chromosoms split and each chromatid becomes a chromosome
2. chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite poles |
|
|
When does telophase begin?
|
when chromosome movement stops
|
|
|
What events occur in telophase?
|
1. the two sets of chromosomes uncoil to perform chromatin
2. a new nuclear membrane forms around each chromatin mass 3. the nucleoli reappear and the spindle dissapear |
|
|
When does cytokenisis occur?
|
during late anaphase
|
|
|
How does cytokenisis occur?
|
a ring of actin filaments contracts to form a clevage furrow creating two daugther cells containing a nucleus IDENTICAL to the original
|
|
|
What are the "go" signals in the cell to control division?
|
critical volume of cell and chemicals such as hormones, cyclins, and growth factors
|
|
|
What are the "stop" signals in cell division?
|
contact inhibition, and growth inhibiting factors produced by repressor genes
|
|
|
DNA is the _____ for protein synthesis.
|
blueprint
|
|
|
What is rRNA?
|
a structural component of ribosomes
|
|
|
What is the function of tRNA?
|
bind to amino acids and pair with bases of codons of mRNA to begin process of protein synthesis
|
|
|
What is the purpose of transcription?
|
to transfer the DNA gene base sequence to a complementary base sequence of an mRNA
|
|
|
What does the transcription factor do?
|
1. loosens histones from DNA in area to be transcribed
2. binds to promoter, a DNA sequence specifying start site of gene to be transcribed 3. mediates the binding of RNA polymerase to promoter |
|
|
What does translation do?
|
converts base sequence of nucleic acids into the amino acid sequence of proteins
|
|
|
What is involved in translation?
|
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
|
|
|
What are the steps of protein synthesis in the ER?
|
1. protein enters ER
2. sugar groups may be added to the protein and its shape may be altered 3. the protein is enclosed in a vesicle for transport to the Golgi apparatus |
|
|
What are two active processes in cells? What do they use to move solutes across a plasma membrane?
|
Active Transport and Vesicular Transport, ATP
|
|
|
What is Active Transport?
|
Movement of solutes against the concentration gradient
|
|
|
What are the two types of active transport?
|
Primary and Secondary
|
|
|
How does primary active transport happen?
|
energy from hydrolisis ATP cause shape cahnge in the transport proteins so that bound solutes are pumped across the membrane
|
|
|
What is secondary active transport?
|
when energy is stored in ionic gradients and is used indirectly to drive transport of other solutes
|
|
|
Endocytosis and Trancytosis involve what?
|
formation of protein coated vesicles
|
|
|
Endocytosis and Trancytosis are _____and are therefore very ________.
|
receptor mediated, selective
|
|
|
What types of tissue are there?
|
epithelial
connective muscle nerve |
|
|
What is the job of the nevous tissue and where can it be found?
|
internal communication, brain, spinal cord and nerves
|
|
|
What is the job of muscle tissue?
|
contract to cause movement
|
|
|
What is the job of epithelial tissue?
|
forms boundaries between different enviornments, protects, secretes, absorbs, and filters
|
|
|
What is the job of connective tissue?
|
support, protect, and bind other tissues together
|
|
|
Where can connective tissue be found?
|
on the bones, on the tendons, and on fat and other padding tissues
|
|
|
Where are the two main locations of epithelial tissue?
|
1. Covering and lining epithelia (on external and internal surfaces)
2. glandular epithelia (secretory tissue on glands) |
|
|
What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?
|
1. the cells have polarity with and apical (upper) and basal (lower) surfaces
2. the cells are always closely packed 3. it is supported by a connective tissue reticular lamina 4. It is not vasular 5. It has a high rate of regeneration |
|
|
Considering layering, epithelium can either be ___ or ___.
|
simple or stratified
|
|
|
There are three cell shapes in epithelial tissue.
|
squamous, cubodial, and columnar
|
|
|
Describe simple squamous epithelium.
|
Single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped cental nuclei, it is the simplest of all epithelium
|
|
|
What is the function of simple squamous epithelium?
|
allows passage of material by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important, it secretes lubricating substances in the serosa
|
|
|
Where is simple squamous epithelium located?
|
kidney, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, lympatic vessels, and lining of ventral body cavity (serosae)
|
|
|
Name two other locations of simple squamous epithelium.
|
endothelium, and mesothelium
|
|
|
Describe simple cubodial epithelium?
|
single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei
|
|
|
What is the function of simple cubodial epithelium?
|
secretion and absorbtion
|
|
|
What are the location of simple cubodial epithelium?
|
kidney tubules, ducts and secretory parts of small glands, and ovary surface
|
|
|
Describe simple columnar epithelium
|
single layer of tall cells, some have cilia, it may contail a layer of mucus secreting goblet cells
|
|
|
What are the location of the nonciliated simple columnar epithelium?
|
digestive tract, gallbladder, and excretory ducts from some glands
|
|
|
What are the location of the ciliated simple columnar epithelium?
|
lining bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus
|
|
|
Describe pseudostratified columnar epithelium
|
single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface (apical); the nuclei are seen at different levels
|
|
|
What is the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
|
secretion of mucus, propulsion of mucus by ciliary action
|
|
|
What are the location for the nonciliated pseudostratified epithelium?
|
males sperm carrying ducts, ducts of large glands
|
|
|
What are the locations of ciliated pseudostratified epithelium?
|
trachea, most of upper respiratory tract
|
|
|
Describe stratified squamous epithelium
|
composed of several layers, basal cells are cubodial or columnar and metabolicaly active; surface cells are squamous
|
|
|
What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?
|
protect underlying tissues in areas subjected to absorption
|
|
|
What are the location of nonkeratinized stratified sqamous epthelium?
|
most linings of the esophagus, mouth and vagina
|
|
|
Whear is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium found?
|
in the epidermis of the skin
|
|
|
Describe stratified cubodial epithelium.
|
typically two cell layers thick, quite rare
|
|
|
Where is stratified cubodial epithelium found?
|
some sweat and mammary glands
|
|
|
Where is stratified columnar epithelium found?
|
limited distribution, small amounts in the pharynx, male urethra, and lining some glandular ducts
|
|
|
Describe transistional epithelium.
|
Resembles both stratified sqamous and stratified cubodial
|
|
|
What is the functionof transistional epithelium?
|
stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine
|
|
|
What are the location of transistioal epithelium?
|
ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra
|
|
|
What is a gland?
|
one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid
|
|
|
How are glands classified?
|
by site of production release (endocrine or exocrine) and realtive number of cells forming the gland
|
|
|
What are endocrine grands and what do they do?
|
ductless glands, secrete hormones that travel through lymp or blood to target organs
|
|
|
There are ___ exocrine glands than endocrine glands.
|
more
|
|
|
What do exocrine glands do?
|
secrete products into ducts that are released onto body surfaces or into body cavities
|
|
|
What is the most important unicellular exocrine gland?
|
goblet cells
|
|
|
What are multicellular exocrine glands composed of?
|
a duct and a secretory unit
|
|
|
How are multicellular exocrine glands classified?
|
by duct type and structure of there secretory units
|
|
|
What are tge two modes of secretion?
|
merocrine and holocrine
|
|
|
What in merocrine secretion?
|
when products are secreted by exocytosis (ex. pancreas, sweat and salivary glands)
|
|
|
What is holocrine secretion?
|
when products are secreted by rupture of glands (ex. sebaceous glands)
|
|
|
What is the most abundant and widely distributed type of tissue?
|
connective tissue
|
|
|
What are the four classes of connective tissue?
|
1. connective tissue proper
2. cartilage 3. bone tissue 4. blood |
|
|
What are the major function of connective tissue?
|
1. insulation
2. protection 3. binding and support 4. transportation |
|
|
What are some characteristics that all connective tissues share?
|
1. mesenchyme is their common tissue of origin
2. some have blood vessels 3. the cells are seperated by nonliving extracellular matrix |
|
|
What is the extracellular matrix in connective tissue made of?
|
ground substance and fibers
|
|
|
What is collagen?
|
the white fibers, they are the strongest and most abundant of fibers
|
|
|
What does collagen provide to connective tissue?
|
high tesile strength
|
|
|
What is elastic fibers?
|
networks of long, thin, elastin fibers that allow connective tissue to stretch
|
|
|
What is reticular fibers?
|
short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers in connective tissue, creates a meshwork
|
|
|
_____ _____ can become any cell and can be found in ___.
|
stem cells, bone
|
|
|
Describe loose connective tissue, areolar
|
Gel-like matrix with all three fiber types
|
|
|
What cells are found in loose connective tissue areolar?
|
mast cells, fibroplasts (main cell type), and some white blood cells
|
|
|
What is the function of loose connective tissue, areolar?
|
wraps and cushions organs, its macrophages phagocitize bacteria, palys an important role in inflammation, holds and conveys tissue fluid
|
|
|
What are the location of loose connective tissue, AREOLAR?
|
under epithelium of the body, forms lamina propria, packages organs, and surronds capillaries
|
|
|
Describe the loose connective tissue adipose.
|
has a matrix, closely packed adipocytes, nucelus pushed to the side
|
|
|
What is the function of the loose connective tissue adipose?
|
provide a reserve for food fuel; insulate against heat loss, and support and protect organs
|
|
|
Where is the loose conncective tissue adipose located?
|
under the skin the hypodermis; around kidneys and eyeblass, within abdomen, and in breasts
|
|
|
Describe dense connective tissue, dense regular.
|
primarily parralel collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers
|
|
|
What is the major cell type of dense connective tissue, dense regular?
|
fibroblast
|
|
|
What is the funciton of dense connective tissue, dense regular?
|
attaches muscle to bones or to muscles, attaches bones to bones; withstands great tinsle stress when pulling force is applied in one direction
|
|
|
Describe dense connective tissue, elastic.
|
dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers
|
|
|
What are the location of the cartilage hyaline?
|
forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavaties; forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilage in the nose, trachea and larynx
|
|
|
Describe the cartilage elastic.
|
similar to hyaline but more elastic fibers are present in the matrix
|
|
|
What is the function of the cartilage elastic?
|
maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility
|
|
|
What are the locations of the cartilage elastic?
|
external ear, and epiglottis
|
|
|
Describe the cartilage fibrocartilage.
|
matrix similar to but less firm than that of hyaline cartilage, predominated by collagen
|
|
|
Describe bone.
|
hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; very well vascularized
|
|
|
Describe skeletal muscle.
|
long, cyndrical, multinucleated cells, striated
|
|
|
What is the function of skeletal muscle?
|
voluntary movement; locomotion
|
|
|
Skeletal muscle cells are different because they
|
undergo miosis without cytokenisis
|
|
|
Describe cardiac muscle.
|
Branching, striated, generally uninucleated that meet at junction called intercalated discs
|
|
|
What is the function of cardiac muscle?
|
propel blood into teh circulation
|
|
|
Describe smooth muscle.
|
spindle shaped cells, no striations, cells are arranged to form sheets
|
|
|
What is the function of smooth muscle?
|
propels substances or objects along internal passage ways; involuntary
|
|
|
What is the location of smooth muscle?
|
walls of hollow organs
|
|
|
What membrane is the skin?
|
cutaneous membrane
|
|
|
What is the mucous membranes called?
|
mucosae
|
|
|
What does the mucosae membrane line?
|
body cavaties open to the exterior
|
|
|
What does the serosae line?
|
internal body walls
|
|
|
What are the steps in tissue repair?
|
1. inflammation
2. organization and restored blood supply 3. regeneration and fibrosis |
|
|
What are the primary germ layers?
|
ecotderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
|
|
|
The ectoderm forms the ____.
|
nervous tissue
|
|
|
The mesoderm froms the___.
|
muscle and connective tissue
|
|
|
The endoderm forms the ___.
|
epithelium
|
|
|
Tissue repair requires cell to ____ and ____.
|
repair
migrate |
|
|
Repair can occur in two ways:
|
regeneration and fibrosis
|
|
|
The type of repair used depends upon two things:
|
the type of tissue damaged and severity of the injury
|
|
|
replacement of destroyed tissue with the same kind of tissue is _____
|
regeneration
|
|
|
proliferation of fibrous connective tissue called scar tissue is ________
|
fibrosis
|
|
|
What are the three steps in tissue repair?
|
1. inflammation
2.organization 3.regneration and permanent repair |
|
|
What are the steps in inflammation of tissue repair?
|
1. there is a release of inflammatory chemicals by tissue cells, macrophages, and mast cells
2. dilation of the blood vessel occurs and an increase of vessel permeability |
|
|
What does the dilation of blood vessels and the increase of vessel permeability cause?
|
1. white blood cells and plasma containing cloting proteins and antibodies to seep into the injured area
2. clot forms and stops the loss of blood and holds the edges of the wound together 3. the part of the clot exposed to the air forms a scab |
|
|
What are the steps in organization of tissue repair?
|
1.the clot is replaced by granulation tissue, which restores the vascular supply
2. fibroblasts produce collagen fibers that bridge the gap 3. macrophages phagocytize cell debris 4. surface epithelial cells multiply and migrate over the granulation tissue |
|
|
What are the steps in regneration and fibrosis of tissue repair?
|
1. surface epithelium starts to regenerate growing under the scab
2. the scab detaches 3. fibrous tissue matures: epithelium thickens and begins to resemble adjacent tissue 4. results in a fully regnerated epithelium with underlying scar tissue |
|
|
In simple infections healing is done only by _____
|
regneration
|
|
|
Severe infections lead to _____.
|
scar tissue
|
|
|
Name some tissues that regnerate very well:
|
epthelial
bone areolar connective tissue dense irregular connective blood forming tissue |
|
|
Name some tissues that dont regnerate well:
|
cardiac muscle
nervous tissue |
|
|
In non-regnerative tissues severe wounds are replaced by_____.
|
fibrosis
|
|
|
What are some complication seen with scar tissue?
|
1. if fomed on an organ it may hinder the function of the organ
2. movement of substances may be blocked 3. it can hamper the muscles ability to contract ( leading to heart failure, immobilize joints) |
|
|
How many americans will develop skin cancer at some point in their life
|
1 in 5
|
|
|
What are some risk factors that can cause skin cancer?
|
overexposure to UV radiation
frequent irritation of the skin with chemicals, infections, or trauma requent over exposure to the sun |
|
|
List the three major types of skin cancer in order from least threating to most.
|
1. basal cell carcinoma
2. squmous cell carcinoma 3. melanoma |
|
|
Describe basal cell carcinoma
|
stratum basale cells proliferate and slowly invade dermis and hypodermis, occur in sun exposed areas of the face, create a shiny dome, slow growing, 99% cured
|
|
|
Describe squamous cell carcinoma.
|
involves keratinocytes of stratum spinosum, most common on scalp and ears lower lips and hands, grows rapidly,
|
|
|
Describe melanoma
|
involves melancoytes, highly metastic and resistant to chemotherapy, very dangerous, can begin wherever pigment is, treated by surgery or radiation
|
|
|
4 characteristics of melanoma
|
1. asymmetry
2. borders indentations 3. color is black, brown, tan, red or blue 4. diameter is larger than 6mm |
|
|
a burn is simply ______
|
denatured protein, tissue damage, and cell death
|
|
|
Burns can be caused by
|
electricity, chemicals, radiation, and heat
|
|
|
What is the biggest threat concerning burns?
|
dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, causes renal shutdown and circulatory shock
|
|
|
Describe a first degree burn
|
epidermal damage only
|
|
|
Describe a second degree burn
|
epidermal and upper dermal damage
|
|
|
describe a third degree burn.
|
entire thickness of the skin is burned
|
|
|
Burns are critcal if:
|
25% of the body has second degree burns
10% of the body has third degree burns or on face hands or feet |
