Anatomy Exam Ii Lecture

Front 1

what are the components of the brachial plexus?

Back 1

ventral primary rami of C5-C8 and T1 (possible contribution from C4 and T2)

Front 2

the brachial plexus emerges between what two muscles in the neck?

Back 2

anterior and middle scalene muscles

Front 3

what triangle of the neck does the brachial plexus emerge from?

Back 3

posterior triangle

Front 4

what is the progression of structures in the brachial plexus?

Back 4

(1) roots: C5-T1
(2) trunks: upper, middle, and lower
(3) divisions: anterior and posterior
(4) cords: medial, lateral and posterior
(5) nerves

Front 5

the upper trunk of the brachial plexus is made of the VPR of what roots?

Back 5

C5-C6

Front 6

the middle trunk of the brachial plexus is made of the VPR of what root?

Back 6

C7

Front 7

the lower trunk of the brachial plexus is made of the VPR of what roots?

Back 7

C8-T1

Front 8

the cords of the brachial plexus are named accoridng to their relationship with what artery?

Back 8

axillary artery

Front 9

the medial cord of the brachial plexus is made of what division of which trunk?

Back 9

anterior division of the lower trunk (C8-T1)

Front 10

the lateral cord of the brachial plexus is made up of what division of which trunks?

Back 10

anterior division of upper and middle trunks (C5-C7)

Front 11

the posterior cord of the brachial plexus is made up of what division of what trunks?

Back 11

posterior divisions of ALL trunks (upper, middle, and lower-C5-T1)

Front 12

the nerves of the anterior divisions (medial and lateral cords) of the brachial plexus are destined to innervate muscles in which compartment of the UE?

Back 12

flexor

Front 13

the nerves of the posterior divisions (posterior cord) of the brachial plexus are destined to innervate muscles in which compartment of the UE?

Back 13

extensor

Front 14

the nerve to these two muscles come from the roots of C6-C8

Back 14

scalenes and longus colli

Front 15

the nerve to these two muscles come from the root of C5

Back 15

join phrenic nerve
dorsal scapular nerve

Front 16

this nerve emanates from the roots of C5-C7

Back 16

long thoracic nerve

Front 17

the nerve to this muscle originates from the trunks of C5 and C6

Back 17

subclavius

Front 18

this nerve originates from the trunks of (C4), C5 and C6

Back 18

suprascapular

Front 19

what two levels of the brachial plexus does the dorsal scapular nerve come from?

Back 19

C4, C5

Front 20

what three muscles does the dorsal scapular nerve supply?

Back 20

(1) levator scapulae
(2) rhomboids major
(3) rhomboids minor

Front 21

what muscle does the long thoracic nerve supply?

Back 21

serratus anterior

Front 22

what levels of the brachial plexus does the long thoracic nerve come from?

Back 22

C5, C6, C7, (C8)

Front 23

the nerve to the subclavius comes from the upper trunk of which roots?

Back 23

C5, C6

Front 24

the suprascapular nerve comes from the upper trunk of what roots?

Back 24

(C4), C5, C6

Front 25

what two muscles does the suprascapular nerve supply?

Back 25

supraspinatus and infraspinatus

Front 26

what three nerves come from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus?

Back 26

(1) lateral pectoral
(2) musculocutaneous
(3) lateral root of median nerve

Front 27

what five nerves come from the medial cord of the brachial plexus?

Back 27

(1) medial pectoral
(2) medial cutaneous nerve of forearm
(3) medial cutaneous nerve of arm
(4) ulnar nerve
(5) medial root of median nerve

Front 28

what five nerves come from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus?

Back 28

(1) upper subscapular
(2) thoracodorsal
(3) lower subscapular
(4) axillary
(5) radial

Front 29

what roots does the lateral pectoral nerve come from?

Back 29

C5-C7

Front 30

Glucocorticoids are released from which portion of the 'ADRENAL CORTEX'?

Back 30

ZONA FASCICULATA

Front 31

what roots does the lateral root of the median nerve come from?

Back 31

(C5), C6, C7

Front 32

what roots does the medial pectoral nerve come from?

Back 32

C8, T1

Front 33

what roots does the medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm come from?

Back 33

C8, T1

Front 34

what roots does the medial cutaneous nerve of the arm come from?

Back 34

C8, T1

Front 35

what roots does the ulnar nerve come from?

Back 35

(C7), C8, T1

Front 36

what roots does the medial root of the median nerve come from?

Back 36

C8, T1

Front 37

what roots does the upper subscapular nerve come from?

Back 37

C5, C6

Front 38

what roots does the thoracodorsal nerve come from?

Back 38

C6, C7, C8

Front 39

what roots does the lower subscapular nerve come from?

Back 39

(C5), C6, (C7)

Front 40

what roots does the axillary nerve come from?

Back 40

C5, C6

Front 41

what roots does the radial nerve come from?

Back 41

C5, C6, C7, C8, (T1)

Front 42

what two muscles does the lateral pectoral nerve supply?

Back 42

pectoralis major and minor

Front 43

what two muscles does the medial pectoral nerve supply?

Back 43

pectoralis major and minor

Front 44

what muscle does the upper subscapular nerve supply?

Back 44

subscapularis

Front 45

what muscle does the thoracodorsal nerve supply?

Back 45

latissimus dorsi

Front 46

what two muscles does the lower subscapular nerve supply?

Back 46

subscapularis and teres major

Front 47

what muscle group does the anterior branch of the axillary nerve supply?

Back 47

deltoid

Front 48

what two muscles does the posterior branch of the axillary nerve supply?

Back 48

teres minor and posterior deltoid

Front 49

what muscle does the musculocutaneous nerve pierce?

Back 49

coracobrachialis

Front 50

what three muscles does the musculocutaneous nerve supply?

Back 50

(1) coracobrachialis
(2) biceps brachii
(3) brachialis

Front 51

what artery in the arm does the median nerve send a branch to?

Back 51

the brachial artery

Front 52

what nerve is considered the chief motor nerve of the intrinsic muscles of the hand?

Back 52

ulnar nerve

Front 53

what nerve is considered the extensor nerve of the elbow, wrist, and digits?

Back 53

radial nerve

Front 54

what nerve is the largest branch of the brachial plexus?

Back 54

radial nerve

Front 55

this is damage to the upper trunk of the brachial plexus (C5, C6) that affects scapular muscles, biceps, coracobrachialis, brachialis, and supinator; arm presents adducted, medially rotated, and elbow is in extension

Back 55

Erb's palsy

Front 56

this is damage to the lower trunk of the brachiail plexus; damages intrinsic muscles of the hand

Back 56

Klumpke's paralysis

Front 57

this affects the radial nerve (wrist drop)

Back 57

crutch paralysis

Front 58

this is the partial loss of thumb movement and anesthesia to the distal-lateral part of the hand

Back 58

carpal tunnel syndrome

Front 59

which nerve may be injured in the fracture of the humeral neck or shoulder dislocation?

Back 59

axillary

Front 60

whcih nerve may be injured in the cubital fossa or in carpal tunnel syndrome?

Back 60

median

Front 61

which nerve may be injured at the medial epicondyle (claw hand); affects 4th, 5th, finger, extensor digitorum unopposed, lumbricales and flexor digitorum profundus is lost

Back 61

ulnar

Front 62

what nerve is implicated in wrist drop?

Back 62

radial

Front 63

which part of the clavicle is flat, the outer 1/3 or medial 2/3?

Back 63

outer 1/3

Front 64

which part of the clavicle is round, the outer 1/3 or medial 2/3?

Back 64

medial 2/3

Front 65

this is the roughened impression on the inferior surface of the clavicle for the attachment of hte costoclavicular ligament

Back 65

costal tubercle

Front 66

which ligament of the clavicle connects at the inferior surface to the conoid tubercle and trapezoid line?

Back 66

coracoclavicular ligament

Front 67

what organ is located posterior to the medial 1/3 of the clavicle?

Back 67

lung

Front 68

what cord of the brachial plexus is located under the medial 1/3 of the clavicle, and therefore is easily compressed (in thoracic outlet syndrome)

Back 68

medial cord

Front 69

what six muscles attach at the clavicle?

Back 69

(1) sternocleidomastoid
(2) upper trapezius
(3) pectoralis major
(4) deltoid
(5) subclavius
(6) sternohyoid

Front 70

how many degrees of elevation does the clavicle have at rest?

Back 70

6º

Front 71

how many degrees of retraction does the clavicle have at rest?

Back 71

19º

Front 72

how many degrees anterior to the frontal plane is the scapula at rest?

Back 72

35º

Front 73

about how many degrees of anterior tilt does the scapula have at rest?

Back 73

9-10º

Front 74

what vertebra is located level with the root of the spine of the scapula?

Back 74

T3

Front 75

which border of the scapula is located parallel to the spine?

Back 75

vertebral

Front 76

the superior border of the scapula contains this ligament, which converts the scapular notch into a foramen

Back 76

transverse ligament

Front 77

this angle of the scapula is the intersection of the medial and superior borders and is at the level of T2

Back 77

superior angle

Front 78

at what border of the scapula does the glenoid articular with the humerus?

Back 78

lateral

Front 79

how much superior tilt is the glenoid in with relation to the medial border of the scapula?

Back 79

4º

Front 80

how much posterior tilt is the glenoid in with relation to the medial border of the scapula?

Back 80

7º

Front 81

the attachment of the long head of the biceps on the lateral border of the scapula

Back 81

supraglenoid tubercle

Front 82

below the glenoid, attachment of the long head of the triceps on the lateral border of the scapula

Back 82

infraglenoid tubercle

Front 83

narrow part of the scapula medial to the lateral angle

Back 83

scapular neck

Front 84

angle of the scapula that is the intersection of the medial dn lateral borders

Back 84

inferior angle

Front 85

what vertebra is at the level of the inferior angle of the scapula?

Back 85

T7

Front 86

what prominence is located off the costal/anterior surface of the scapula?

Back 86

coracoid process

Front 87

on the dorsal surface of the scapula, what two fossa does the scapula divide into?

Back 87

supraspinatus and infraspinatus fossae

Front 88

this structure is formed at the lateral end of the spine of the scapula

Back 88

acromion

Front 89

the head of the humerus is located at what degree of superior orientation?

Back 89

45º

Front 90

how many degrees is the humeral head retroverted?

Back 90

30º

Front 91

the angle in the frontal plane between the head of the humerus and the shaft

Back 91

angle of inclination

Front 92

what is the normal angle of inclination in adults?

Back 92

130-150º

Front 93

angle in the transverse plane between the head of the humerus and the humeral epicondyles

Back 93

angle of torsion/retrotorsion

Front 94

what is the normal humeral angle of torsion in adults?

Back 94

30º retrotorsion, but highly variable

Front 95

when the humerus is highly __, there is excessive glenohumeral internal rotation, and limited external rotation

Back 95

anteverted

Front 96

when the humerus is highly __, there is excessive glenohumeral external rotation, and limited internal rotation

Back 96

retroverted

Front 97

where is the center of rotation located in the glenohumeral joint?

Back 97

through the head of the humerus

Front 98

this neck of the humerus is located immediately distal or lateral to the articular cartilage, and medial to the greater tuberosity

Back 98

anatomic neck

Front 99

this structure of the humerus is located on the medial side of the anterior aspect of the humerus, inferior to the head, and is the attachment of the subscapularis muscle

Back 99

lesser tubercle

Front 100

this structure of the humerus is located on the lateral side of the proximal end of the humerus just inferior and lateral to the head; serves as an attachment for the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor

Back 100

greater tubercle

Front 101

this neck of the humerus is the indefinite area inferior to the tubecles where the boen narrows to continue as the body of the humerus; common site of fractures, especially in the elderly

Back 101

surgical neck

Front 102

the groove inbetween the greater and lesser tubercles; lies about 1 cm lateral to the midline of the humerus if epicondyles are aligned in the frontal plane

Back 102

intertubercular groove

Front 103

prominence on the alterolateral surface of the humerus that serves as the attachment for the deltoid muscle

Back 103

deltoid tuberosity

Front 104

the humerus is crossed spirally from its medial to lateral posterior surface by this groove, which houses the radial nerve

Back 104

spiral/radial groove

Front 105

what are the four joints that comprise the shoulder?

Back 105

(1) sternoclavicular
(2) acromioclavicular
(3) glenohumeral
(4) scapulothoracic

Front 106

what are the three "true" joints of the shoulder?

Back 106

SC, AC, and glenohumeral

Front 107

what type of joint is the SC joint?

Back 107

saddle

Front 108

what are the three motions that the SC joint allows?

Back 108

(1) posterior longitudinal rotation
(2) protraction/retraction
(3) elevation/depression

Front 109

how many degrees of posterior longitudinal rotation of the clavicle occurs at the SC joint?

Back 109

20-35º

Front 110

how many degrees of protraction/retraction of the clavicle occurs at the SC joint?

Back 110

15-30º each direction

Front 111

how many degrees of elevation of the clavicle occurs at the SC joint?

Back 111

45º

Front 112

how many degrees of depression of the clavicle occurs at the SC joint?

Back 112

10º

Front 113

what direction is the roll and glide of the clavicle on the sternum when the clavicle/scapula elevates?

Back 113

superior roll, inferior glide

Front 114

what direction is the roll and glide of the clavicle on the sternum when the clavicle/scapula depresses?

Back 114

inferior roll, superior glide

Front 115

what direction is the roll and glide of the clavicle on the sternum when the clavicle protracts/scapula abducts?

Back 115

anterior roll, anterior glide

Front 116

what direction is the roll and glide of the clavicle on the sternum when the clavicle retracts/scapula adducts?

Back 116

posterior roll, posterior glide

Front 117

what type of joint is the AC joint?

Back 117

plane

Front 118

what are the three movements of the scapula that occur at the AC joint?

Back 118

(1) upward/downward rotation
(2) anterior/posterior tilt
(3) internal/external rotation

Front 119

what "joint" of the shoulder is not a true joint, and is not contained within a capsule?

Back 119

scapulothoracic joint

Front 120

what are the 6 motions that occur at the scapulothoracic joint (between the scapula and the ribs)?

Back 120

(1) upward/downward rotation
(2) anterior/posterior tilting
(3) internal/external rotation
(4) elevation/depression
(5) abduction/adduction
(6) clavicular protraction/retraction

Front 121

what type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?

Back 121

multiaxial spheroidal

Front 122

MOA of Bisphosphonates

Back 122

Inhibits osteoclast bone resorption. (calcium deposits to bone, plasma calcium decrease)

Front 123

what type of cartilage covers both articular surfaces of the glenoid and the humeral head?

Back 123

articular hyaline cartilage

Front 124

what joint of the shoulder is dislocated more often than any other joint?

Back 124

glenohumeral joint

Front 125

this scapular ligament is a strong triangular band extending between the coracoid process and the acromion; together with the coracoid process and the acromion, forms an arch above the head of the humerus and helpes prevent upward dislocation of the head of the humerus

Back 125

coracoacromial

Front 126

what movement of the head of the humerus does the coracoacromial ligament help to prevent?

Back 126

upward translation/dislocation

Front 127

what three structures are contained within the coracoacromial arch?

Back 127

(1) coracoacromial ligament
(2) coracoid process
(3) acromioclavicular joint

Front 128

this arch is on the anterior undersurface of the acromion

Back 128

coracoacromial arch

Front 129

how large is the acromiohumeral interval when the arm is down by the side?

Back 129

10 mm (1 cm)

Front 130

how large is the acromiohumeral interval when the arm is elevated?

Back 130

5 mm

Front 131

what motion of the humerjs in abduction is required to clear the coracoacromial arch in order to prevent impingement?

Back 131

lateral rotation

Front 132

this envelops the glenohumeral joint and is attached medially to the circumference of the glenoid cavity beyond the glenoid labrum; laterally to the anatomical neck of the humerus

Back 132

fibrous glenohumeral capsule

Front 133

the glenohumeral capsule is strengthened superiorly by the tendon of what muscle?

Back 133

supraspinatus

Front 134

the glenohumeral capsule is strengthened posteriorly by the tendons of what two muscles?

Back 134

infraspinatus and teres minor

Front 135

the glenohumeral capsule is strengthened anteriorly by the tendons of what three muscles?

Back 135

(1) subscapularis
(2) pectoralis major
(3) teres major

Front 136

the glenohumeral capsule is strengthened inferiorly by the tendon of what muscle?

Back 136

long head of the triceps

Front 137

when the arm is by the side, what part of the GH capsule is taut, and what part is lax?

Back 137

superior taut, inferior lax

Front 138

when the arm is overhead, what part of the GH capsule is taut, and what part is lax?

Back 138

inferior taut, superior lax

Front 139

when the arm is externally rotated, what part of the GH capsule is taut, and what part is lax?

Back 139

anterior taut, posterior lax

Front 140

when the arm is internally rotated, what part of the GH capsule is taut, and what part is lax?

Back 140

posterior taut, anterior lax

Front 141

in what two positions is the capsule of the GH joint in its most closepacked position?

Back 141

maximal abduction and lateral rotation

Front 142

this ligament is a broad band that goes from the lesser to the greater tubercle of the humerus and converts the intertubercular sulcus into a canal

Back 142

transverse humeral ligament

Front 143

this ligament of the shoulder is taut with shoulder adduction, inferior and posterior translation

Back 143

superior GH ligament

Front 144

this ligament of the shoulder is taut with shoulder lateral rotation and anterior translation

Back 144

middle GH ligament

Front 145

this ligament of the shoulder has all fibers taut with abduction, anterior taut with LR and abduction, and posterior taut with MR and abduction

Back 145

inferior GH ligament

Front 146

which section of the inferior GH ligament is taut with lateral rotation and abduction?

Back 146

anterior fibers

Front 147

which section of the inferior GH ligament is taut with medial rotation and abduction?

Back 147

posterior fibers

Front 148

this is an avulsion of the GH ligament labral complex from the glenoid rim after an anterior dislocation of the shoulder

Back 148

Bankart lesion

Front 149

this ligament is a borad band strengthening the upper part of the glenohumeral capsule; it attaches to the coracoid process, the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus, and to the supraspinatus and subscapularis tendons; limits lateral rotation of the shoulder below 60º of abduction and stabilizes the long head of the biceps tendon

Back 149

coracohumeral ligament

Front 150

what are the three functions of the coracohumeral ligament?

Back 150

(1) limits lateral rotation of the shoulder below 60º of abduction
(2) limits inferior glide of the humerus
(3) stabilizes the long head of the biceps tendon via a "sling"

Front 151

the acromioclavicular joint capsule is strengthened by what ligament?

Back 151

acromioclavicular ligament

Front 152

the acromioclavicular joint capsule is reinforced superiorly by what two muscles?

Back 152

deltoid and trapezius

Front 153

this ligament helps to prevent overriding of the clavicle on the acromion

Back 153

acromioclavicular ligament

Front 154

this ligament has two parts that connect the clavicle with the coracoid process of the scapula; maintains the relationship between the clavicle and scapula during movement (such as bringing the arm overhead)

Back 154

coracoclavicular ligament

Front 155

what are the two parts of the coracoclavicular ligament?

Back 155

trapezoid and conoid

Front 156

this ligament of the AC joint provides stability to the AC joint and resists independent anterior/posterior motion of the clavicle or scapula

Back 156

coracoclavicular ligament

Front 157

this motion of the scapula stretches the coracoclavicular ligament, which then prevents further movement in this direction

Back 157

scapular upward rotation

Front 158

tension on the coracoclavicular ligament pulls down on the clavicle, causing this motion; results in further upward rotation of the scapula

Back 158

posterior longitudinal rotation

Front 159

what four muscles strengthen the capsule of the sternoclavicular joint?

Back 159

(1) sternocleidomastoid
(2) sternohyoid
(3) sternothyroid
(4) subclavius

Front 160

this ligament checks anterior/posterior movements of the head of the clavicle

Back 160

sternoclavicular ligament

Front 161

this ligament unifies the sternal ends of both clavicles and prevents excessive elevation of the medial end of the clavicle as the lateral end of the clavicle is depressed

Back 161

interclavicular ligament

Front 162

in what arm position is the interclavicular ligament taut?

Back 162

arms by the side

Front 163

this ligament gives stability to the SC joint, is short and strong; stabilizes the clavicle against muscle action by the SCM, upper trap, and deltoid; stabilizes the joint during all clavicular movements except depression, and limits clavicular elevation

Back 163

costoclavicular ligament

Front 164

the costoclavicular ligament limits what movement of the clavicle?

Back 164

elevation

Front 165

what position of the arms is the costoclavicular ligament taut in?

Back 165

arms overhead

Front 166

this bursa separates and allows gliding mvoements between an inner sleeve (rotator cuff) and outer sleeve deltoid and teres major); facilitates movement between the coracoacromial arch and the subadjacent supraspinatus muscle and the shoulder joint

Back 166

subacromial/subdeltoid

Front 167

this bursa is located in front of the glenoid labrum, extending medially to lie between the neck of the scapula and the subscapularis muscle

Back 167

subscapular

Front 168

what nerve is contained within the scapular notch?

Back 168

suprascapular nerve

Front 169

this nerve is located in the quadrangular space of the shoulder; is easily compressed with crutch walking, dislocation or fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus

Back 169

axillary nerve

Front 170

this nerve is located in the spiral groove of the humerus, and is commonly injured with humeral shaft fractures

Back 170

radial nerve

Front 171

what three arteries supply the rotator cuff muscles?

Back 171

(1) suprascapular
(2) anterior humeral circumflex
(3) posterior humeral circumflex

Front 172

the three arteries that supply the rotator cuff muscles are fully filled when the arm is in what position?

Back 172

abducted

Front 173

the arteries that supply the rotator cuff muscles have an area of avascularity present when the arm is in what position?

Back 173

adduction

Front 174

what muscle of the shoulder adducts and upwardly rotates the scapula?

Back 174

trapezius

Front 175

what muscle of the shoulder adducts and downwardly rotates the scapula?

Back 175

rhomboids

Front 176

what muscle of the shoulder elevates and downwardly rotates the scapula?

Back 176

levator scapulae

Front 177

what muscle of the shoulder abducts and upwardly rotates the scapula?

Back 177

serratus anterior

Front 178

what muscle of the shoulder anteriorly tilts and possibly downwarly rotates the scapula?

Back 178

pectoralis minor

Front 179

which portion of the trapezius adducts, elevates, and upwardly rotates the scapula/glenoid

Back 179

upper

Front 180

which portion of the trapezius adducts the scapula/glenoid, and primarily externally rotates the scapula?

Back 180

middle

Front 181

which portion of the trapezius adducts, depresses, and upwardly rotates and scapula/glenoid?

Back 181

lower

Front 182

stiffness of which muscle helps prevent scapular internal rotation?

Back 182

rhomboids

Front 183

this muscle, with the insertion fixed, acting unilaterally , rotates and laterally flexes the head to the same side, and bilaterally, extends the cervical spine

Back 183

levator scapulae

Front 184

which muscle holds the scapula flat against the ribcage?

Back 184

serratus anterior

Front 185

what three muscles act together as a force couple to upwardly rotate the scapula?

Back 185

(1) serratus anterior
(2) upper trapezius
(3) lower trapezius

Front 186

what muscle of the shoulder/thorax assists in forced inspiration?

Back 186

pectoralis minor

Front 187

what muscle of the shoulder adducts and medially rotates the humerus?

Back 187

pectoralis major

Front 188

which portion of the pectoralis major helps to flex and horizontally adduct the shoulder?

Back 188

upper/clavicular fibers

Front 189

which portion of the pectoralis major depresses the shoulder girdle via the attachment of the humerus and horizontally adducts toward the opposite iliac crest?

Back 189

lower/sternal fibers

Front 190

which muscle medially rotates, adducts, and extends the shoulder, and depressses the shoulder girdle; acting bilaterally, can extend the spine and anteriorly tilt the pelvis, and unilaterally helps to laterally flex the trunk?

Back 190

latissimus dorsi

Front 191

these two muscles insert more distally on the humerus than the rotator cuff muscles; therefore, they have less specific control over the alignment of the humeral head relative to the glenoid

Back 191

pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi

Front 192

what muscle group abducts the humerus?

Back 192

deltoid

Front 193

what muscle of the scapulohumeral group abducts and laterally rotates the humerus?

Back 193

supraspinatus

Front 194

what two muscles of the scapulohumeral group laterally rotate the humerus?

Back 194

infraspinatus and teres minor

Front 195

what two muscles of the scapulohumeral group medially rotates the shoulder?

Back 195

subscapularis and teres major

Front 196

what are the four muscles of the rotator cuff of the shoulder?

Back 196

(1) supraspinatus
(2) infraspinatus
(3) teres minor
(4) subscapularis

Front 197

which portion of the deltoid flexes and medially rotates the arm?

Back 197

anterior deltoid

Front 198

which portion of the deltoid extends and laterally rotates the humerus and internally rotates the scapula?

Back 198

posterior deltoid

Front 199

which portion of the deltoid is chiefly an abductor, and may downwardly rotate the scapula?

Back 199

middle deltoid

Front 200

during abduction of the arm, what scapular movement maintains the length of the deltoid?

Back 200

upward rotation

Front 201

what muscle of the rotator cuff abducts, may assist with lateral rotation of the humerus from neutral to full LR; stabilizes head of humerus in glenoid, and prevents passive inferior glide of the humeral head?

Back 201

supraspinatus

Front 202

what two muscles of the rotator cuff laterally rotate and depress the head of the humerus, stabilize the head of the humerus on the glenoid, and do scapular internal rotation?

Back 202

infraspinatus and teres minor

Front 203

this muscle of the rotator cuff medially rotates the shoulder and depresses the head of the humerus; counteracts anterior displacement of the head of the humerus

Back 203

subscapularis

Front 204

tear of this muscle's tendon may affect the stability of the long head of the biceps tendon

Back 204

subscapularis

Front 205

this interval is located between the superior border of the subscapularis and the anterior border of the supraspinatus; its integrity is important for the stability of the GH joint in the inferior and anterior direction

Back 205

rotator cuff interval

Front 206

this is a triangular space between the supraspinatus and subscapularis tendons, and the base of the coracoid process; is covered by the coracohumeral ligament and contains the long head of the biceps and the superior glenohumeral ligament

Back 206

rotator cuff interval

Front 207

what two structures are contained within the rotator cuff interval?

Back 207

long head of the biceps
superior glenohumeral ligament

Front 208

what ligament covers the rotator cuff interval?

Back 208

coracohumeral ligament

Front 209

this muscle medially rotates, adducts and extends the shoulder, and internally rotates the scapula

Back 209

teres major

Front 210

the __ rotators of the shoulder are fewer and smaller than the __ rotators, setting the shoulder up for movement imbalances

Back 210

lateral, medial

Front 211

these three muscles are in the humeroscapular group

Back 211

(1) biceps
(2) triceps
(3) coracobrachialis

Front 212

this muscle flexes and supinates the elbow, and may contribute to anterior tilting of the scapula; may passively restrict humeral anterior and superior translation

Back 212

biceps brachii

Front 213

the most stability of the long head of the biceps tendon is provided by what two shoulder ligaments?

Back 213

coracohumeral ligament
superior glenohumeral ligament

Front 214

as a whole this muscle extends the elbow, and the long head extends and adducts the shoulder

Back 214

triceps brachii

Front 215

what portion of the triceps brachii extends and adducts the shoulder?

Back 215

long head

Front 216

this muscle flexes and adducts the shoulder

Back 216

coracobrachialis

Front 217

this muscle draws the shoulder down and forward and aides forced inspiration

Back 217

subclavius

Front 218

this muscle depresses the hyoid bone (runs from the hyoid to the scapula)

Back 218

omohyoid

Front 219

in the initial phase of scapulohumeral rhythm, which takes place between __and__º, the motion is mainly GH with the scapula being very variable in its action

Back 219

0-30º

Front 220

in this phase of the scapulohumeral rhythm, which takes place between __-__º, there is a definite relationship between GH and scapulothoracic motion

Back 220

30-180º

Front 221

there is a __:__ ratio between GH and scapulothoracic motion between 30 and 180º of humeral abduction

Back 221

2:1

Front 222

in 90º of abduction of the humerus, how much motion would be at the GH joint and how much would be at the SC and AC joints?

Back 222

60º GH, 30º scapulothoracic

Front 223

scapular motion on the thorax is a direct result of motion at which two joints?

Back 223

sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular

Front 224

what are the four functions of scapular motion on the thorax at the SC and AC joints?

Back 224

(1) orient the glenoid
(2) increases ROM
(3) maintains contact with the thorax
(4) maximizes deltoid muscle function

Front 225

during arm elevation, what are the two motions that occur at the scapula?

Back 225

upward rotation and posterior tilt

Front 226

most agree that by the end range of arm elevation, the scapula performs what motion on the thorax?

Back 226

external rotation

Front 227

the humerus should do what motion with arm elevation?

Back 227

lateral rotation

Front 228

what is the normal range of shoulder flexion?

Back 228

170-180º

Front 229

what is the normal range of shoulder abduction?

Back 229

170-180º

Front 230

what is the normal degree of shoulder lateral rotation with the arm abduction to 90º?

Back 230

90º

Front 231

what is the normal degree of shoulder lateral rotation with the arm adduction at the side?

Back 231

70º

Front 232

what is the normal range of shoulder medial rotation?

Back 232

70-90º

Front 233

what accessory motion occurs at the GH joint with shoulder abduction?

Back 233

inferior glide

Front 234

what accessory motions occur at the GH joint with shoulder flexion?

Back 234

inferior and posterior glide

Front 235

what accessory motion occurs at the GH joint with shoulder lateral rotation?

Back 235

anterior glide (with arm by side)

Front 236

what accessory motion occurs at the GH joint with shoulder medial rotation?

Back 236

posterior glide

Front 237

what accessory motion occurs at the GH joint with shoulder horizontal abduction?

Back 237

anterior glide

Front 238

what accessory motion occurs at the GH joint with shoulder horizontal adduction?

Back 238

posterior glide

Front 239

what accessory motion occurs at the GH joint with shoulder extension?

Back 239

anterior glide

Front 240

this artery runs from its origin, laterally over the first rib, leaving a groove in the rib and can be palpated by deep pressure behind the clavicle, posterior ot the lower border of the sternocleidomastoid

Back 240

subclavian artery

Front 241

this branch of the subclavian artery ascends through the transverse foramen of vertebrae C1-6 and joins with the opposite member to form the basilar artery in the head

Back 241

vertebral artery

Front 242

this branch of the subclavian artery descends almost opposite to the posterior and passes posterior to the cartilages of ribs 1-6, just lateral to the sternum; it has a number of branches

Back 242

internal thoracic (mammary)

Front 243

this trunk arises superiorly off the subclavian artery and immediately divides into three branches: inferior thyroid, suprascapular, and transverse cervical

Back 243

thyrocervical trunk

Front 244

this branch of the thyrocervical trunk starts upward giving off a branch called the ascending cervical and then turns downward to enter the lower portion of the lobes of the thyroid gland

Back 244

inferior thyroid artery

Front 245

this branch of the thyrocervical trunk runs laterally and posterior, medial to the clavicle, to the superior border of the scapula, where it enters the supraspinous fossa and the infraspinous fossa and supplies the supra and infraspinatus muscles

Back 245

suprascapular artery

Front 246

what three arteries anastomose at the infraspinous fossa?

Back 246

(1) scapular circumflex branch of the suprascapular artery
(2) suprascapular artery
(3) descending/deep branch of the transverse cervical artery

Front 247

this branch of the thyrocervical trunk may run as a common trunk witht he suprascapular artery, but usually runs slightly superior and parallel to it; it has a superficial and deep branch

Back 247

transverse cervical artery

Front 248

the superficial/ascending branch of the transverse cervical artery anastomoses with the deep/descending branch of which artery?

Back 248

occipital

Front 249

this trunk comes off the subclavian artery almost inferior and slightly posterior to the thyrocervical trunk; on the right side it comes off the second part of the subclavian

Back 249

costocervical trunk

Front 250

this artery is a continuation of the subclavian artery as it crosses the first rib until it reaches the lower border of the teres major

Back 250

axillary artery

Front 251

at the lower border of the teres major muscle, what artery does the axillary artery become?

Back 251

brachial artery

Front 252

which muscle crosses the axillary artery and divides it into three parts?

Back 252

pectoralis minor

Front 253

this part of the axillary artery is from the origin to the proximal border of the pectoralis minor; it is surrounded by fibrous axillary sheath

Back 253

first part

Front 254

this is a branch off the first part of the axillary artery that is a small vessel to the first intercostal space

Back 254

superior thoracic artery

Front 255

this part of the axillary artery lies posterior, or deep to the pectoralis minor

Back 255

second part

Front 256

this branch of the second part of the axillary artery tends to be about 1/4 -1/3 inches long before it branches, and then branches into the pectoral, clavicular, deltoid, and acromial branches

Back 256

thoracoacromial

Front 257

this branch of the thoracoacromial artery supplies the pectoralis major and minor

Back 257

pectoral branches

Front 258

this branch of the thoracoacromial artery supplies the sternoclavicular joint and the subclavius muscle

Back 258

clavicular

Front 259

this branch of the thoracoacromial artery runs with the cephalic vein between the deltoid and supplies both of these muscles

Back 259

deltoid branch

Front 260

this branch of the thoracoacromial artery frequently comes off the deltoid branch and runs up to supply the area of the acromioclavicular joint

Back 260

acromial branch

Front 261

this branch off the second part of the axillary artery usually comes off below the thoracoacromial, and runs downward into the serratus anterior and adjacent muscles; it parallels the long thoracic nerve; is frequently missing

Back 261

lateral thoracic

Front 262

this part of the axillary artery is distal/lateral to the pectoralis minor

Back 262

third part

Front 263

this branch of the third part of the axillary artery is the largest branch of the axillary; comes off medially at the lower border of the subscapularis muscle

Back 263

subscapular artery

Front 264

this branch of the subscapular artery curves around the lateral border of the scapula through the triangular space, supplying adjacent muscles and becoming a part of the scapular anastomosis

Back 264

scapular circumflex artery

Front 265

this is a continuation of the subscapular artery that runs with the thoracodorsal nerve to the latissimus dorsi muscle

Back 265

thoracodorsal artery

Front 266

this branch off the third part of the axillary artery comes off the lateral side, usually opposite the subscapular; it goes behind the coracobrachialis and the short head of the biceps and around the front of the surgical neck of the humerus; it sends a small branch upward to supply the head of the humerus and shoulder joint

Back 266

anterior humeral circumflex

Front 267

the anterior humeral circumflex artery anastomoses with what other artery?

Back 267

posterior humeral circumflex artery

Front 268

this branch off the third part of the axillary artery may come off a common trunk with the anterior humeral circumflex, or as a separate branch; larger than the anterior. May run backward with the axillary nerve through the quadrangular space and anastomoses with anterior humeral circumflex; may send branch to shoulder and one downward to joint with profunda brachii

Back 268

posterior humeral circumflex

Front 269

this is an extensive anastomosis around the dorsal and costal surfaces of the scapula; it is an important means of collateral circulation if ligation of the axillary artery occurs between the thyrocervical trunk and the subscapular artery

Back 269

scapular anastomosis

Front 270

if ligation occurs distal to this artery, the circulation to the arm is cut off

Back 270

subscapular artery

Front 271

what three arteries are involved in the dorsal scapular anastomosis?

Back 271

(1) suprascapular
(2) descending/deep branch from the thyrocervical trunk
(3) scapular circumflex artery (from subscapular)

Front 272

what two arteries are involved in the costal scapular anastomosis?

Back 272

(1) thoracodorsal artery
(2) lateral thoracic artery

Front 273

this artery is a continuation of the axillary artery from the lower border of the teres major to the level of the neck of the radius, where it divides into the radial and ulnar arteries; it begins medial to the humerus, ends up near the elbow anterior and midway between the humeral epicondyles

Back 273

brachial artery

Front 274

what two arteries does the brachial artery divide into at the level of the neck of the radius?

Back 274

(1) radial artery
(2) ulnar artery

Front 275

this branch of the brachial artery arises from its posteromedial surface just below the lower border of the teres major and proceeds to run with the radial nerve backward between the medial and lateral heads of the triceps, giving off nutrient and muscular branches along the way

Back 275

profunda brachii

Front 276

the ascending branch of the profunda brachii anastomoses with what artery?

Back 276

posterior humeral circumflex artery

Front 277

this branch of the profunda brachii descends posterior to the humerus, posterior to the lateral epicondyle and anstomoses with the interosseous recurrent artery

Back 277

middle collateral (posterior descending)

Front 278

this branch of the profunda brachii continues with the radial nerve, passes through the intermuscular septum to the front of the lateral epicondyle to anastomose with the radial recurrent artery

Back 278

radial collateral (anterior descending)

Front 279

this branch of the brachial artery arises just below the profunda brachii and accompanies the ulnar nerve; it pierces the medial intermuscular septum and descends between the medial epicondyle and olecranon to anastomose with the posterior ulnar recurrent and inferior ulnar collateral artery

Back 279

superior ulnar collateral

Front 280

this branch of the brachial artery arises about 1/2 inch above the elbow, splits to pass in front of and behind the medial epicondyle; its anterio branch anastomoses with the anterior ulnar recurrent, and the posterior with the superior ulnar collateral and posterior ulnar recurrent

Back 280

inferior ulnar collateral

Front 281

what are the two terminal branches of the brachial artery?

Back 281

radial and ulnar arteries

Front 282

what 8 arteries anastomose at the elbow and can still give sufficient blood from to the radial and ulnar arteries if the brachial artery is ligated distal to the profunda brachii?

Back 282

(1) middle collateral
(2) radial collateral
(3) superior ulnar collateral
(4) inferior ulnar collateral
(5) radial recurrent
(6) anterior ulnar recurrent
(7) posterior ulnar recurrent
(8) interosseous recurrent

Front 283

this artery descends along the radial side of the forearm to the wrist where it lies between the FCR tendon medially and anterior border of the radius laterally; this is where the pulse is read; the artery then winds dorsally around the lateral side of the carpus beneath the tendons of the APL, EPB, and EPL in an area known as the anatomical snuffbox, and enters the palmar surface through the proximal end of the space between the 1st and 2nd metacarpals

Back 283

radial artery

Front 284

about midway down the forearm, the radial artery runs with what other structure?

Back 284

the superficial branch of the radial nerve

Front 285

this branch of the radial artery arises distal to the elbow and ascends to anastomose with the radial collateral branch of the profunda brachii in the elbow anastomosis

Back 285

radial recurrent

Front 286

this branch of the radial artery forms the deep carpal arch with the palmar carpal branch of the ulnar artery, branch from the anterior interosseous, and recurrent branches from deep palmar arch; supplies articulation of wrist and carpal bones involved

Back 286

palmar carpal branch

Front 287

this branch of the radial artery passes through the muscles of the thenar eminence and may anastomose with the termianl part of the ulnar artery, completing the superficial palmar arch

Back 287

superficial palmar branch

Front 288

this branch of the radial artery arises deep to the thumb tendons and runs medially across the dorsal carpal surface to from the dorsal carpal arch; it also gives off three small dorsal metacarpal arteries which bifurcate into dorsal digital branches

Back 288

dorsal carpal branch

Front 289

this branch of the radial artery arises near the 1st dorsal interosseous and supplies the adjacent sides of the thumb and index finger

Back 289

first dorsal metacarpal

Front 290

this branch of the radial artery runs under the oblique head of the adductor pollicis and sends two branches to the base of the proximal phalanx

Back 290

princeps pollicis artery

Front 291

this branch of the radial artery runs on the deep side of the transverse head of the adductor pollicis to run along the lateral side of the index finger

Back 291

radial indicis

Front 292

this arch of the palm is formed by the anastomosis of the terminal part of the radial artery with the deep palmar branch of the ulnar; lies on the proximal end of the metacarpals deep to the oblique head of the adductor pollicis and flexor tendons fo the fingers and lumbricales

Back 292

deep palmar arch

Front 293

this is the larger terminal branch of the brachial artery; runs from the neck of the radius to end as the superficial palmar arch in the hand; runs with the ulnar nerve in the distal 2/3 of the forearm between the tendons of the FCU and flexor digitorum more medially; pulse felt at wrist

Back 293

ulnar artery

Front 294

this branch of the ulnar artery arises just distal to the elbow and ascends to meet with the inferior ulnar collateral artery

Back 294

anterior ulnar recurrent

Front 295

this branch of the ulnar artery arises with the anterior ulnar recurrent or distal to it and ascends behind the medial epicondyle to anastomose with the superior ulnar collateral

Back 295

posterior ulnar recurrent

Front 296

this branch of the ulnar artery arises just distal to the radial tuberosity, passes back to the interosseous membrane and divides into the anterior interosseous and posterior interosseous branches

Back 296

common interosseous artery

Front 297

this branch of the common interosseous artery off the ulnar artery descend on the anterior surface of the interosseous membrane with the anterior interosseous nerve; pierces the interosseous membrane at the upper border of the pronator quadratus to anastomose with the posterior interosseous artery and joins the dorsal carpal arch

Back 297

anterior interosseous artery

Front 298

this branch of the common interousseous artery off the ulnar artery passes back through the interosseous membrane; near the origin it gives off the interosseous recurrent artery to anastomose with the middle collateral branch of the profunda brachii and posterior ulnar recurrent; continues to descend on the posterior side of hte interosseous membrane with the posterior interosseous nerve and goes to the dorsal carpal arch

Back 298

posterior interosseous artery

Front 299

this branch of the ulnar artery forms the palmar carpal arch with the corresponding branch of the radial artery

Back 299

palmar carpal branch

Front 300

this branch of the ulnar artery forms the dorsal carpal arch with the radial artery

Back 300

dorsal carpal branch

Front 301

this branch of the ulnar artery passes between the ADM and FDM to anastomose with the radial artery to form the deep palmar arch; is accompanied by the deep branch of the ulnar nerve

Back 301

deep palmar branch

Front 302

this arch is formed when the ulnar artery enters the hand with the ulnar nerve, lateral to the pisiform, and passes medial to the hook of the hamate and crosses the palm; may be formed by the ulnar artery alone or joined by the superficial branch of the radial artery

Back 302

superficial palmar arch

Front 303

this test evaluates the blood supply to the hand of both the radial and ulnar arteries

Back 303

Allen test

Front 304

this is a depression between the pisiform and hook of the hamate covered by the pisohamate ligament; contains the ulnar nerve and artery, and is a common site for compression injuries

Back 304

tunnel of Guyon

Front 305

what are the two sets of veins of the upper extremity that anastomose freely with one another?

Back 305

superficial and deep

Front 306

these two veins lie immediately under the skin in the superficial fascia; they return most of the blood of the UE; all can be seen until they pierce the deep fascia

Back 306

cephalic and basilic veins

Front 307

these structures are located in both the deep and superficial veins (more in deep); flow of blood is from deep to superficial, so its open end faces superficially

Back 307

valves

Front 308

the lymph fluid of the right UE dumps into this structure

Back 308

right lymphatic duct

Front 309

the lymph fluid of the left UE dumps into this structure

Back 309

left lymphatic duct

Front 310

all lymph vessels drain into this terminal group, either directly, or after passing through the outlying groups of nodes; they are large and arranged in five groups

Back 310

axillary nodes

Front 311

this nerve originates from the posterior aspect of the anterior ramus of C5 with a frequent contribution from C4

Back 311

dorsal scapular

Front 312

this nerve originates from the posterior aspect of the anterior rami of C5, C6, C7

Back 312

long thoracic

Front 313

this nerve originates from the superior trunk, receiving fibers from C5, C6, and C7

Back 313

suprascapular

Front 314

this nerve originates from the superior trunk, receiving fibers from C5, C6, and often C4

Back 314

subclavian nerve

Front 315

this nerve originates from the side branch of the lateral cord, receiving fibers from C5, C6, and C7

Back 315

lateral pectoral

Front 316

this nerve originates from the terminal branch of the lateral cord, receiving fibers from C5-C7

Back 316

musculocutaneous

Front 317

the lateral part of this nerve is a terminal branch of the lateral cord (C6, C7) and the medial root is a terminal branch of the medial cord (C8, T1)

Back 317

median nerve

Front 318

these three nerves are side branches of the medial cord, receiving fibers from C8 and T1

Back 318

(1) medial pectoral
(2) medial cutaneous nerve of arm
(3) medial cutaneous nerve of forearm

Front 319

this nerve is a larger terminal branch of the medial cord, receiving fibers from C8, T1, and often C7

Back 319

ulnar nerve

Front 320

this nerve is a side branch of the posterior cord, receiving fibers from C5

Back 320

upper subscapular

Front 321

this nerve is a side branch of the posterior cord, receiving fibers from C6, C7, and C8

Back 321

thoracodorsal

Front 322

this nerve is a terminal branch of the posterior cord, receiving fibers from C5, C6

Back 322

axillary

Front 323

this nerve is a larger terminal branch of the posterior cord (and largest branch of the brachial plexus) and receives fibers from C5-T1

Back 323

radial

Front 324

at the distal end of the humerus, this is the part that is pulley shaped with a central groove and articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna

Back 324

trochlea

Front 325

what are the two non-articular parts of the distal end of the humerus?

Back 325

medial and lateral epicondyles

Front 326

this is the angle formed when the elbow is fully extended between the forearm and the upper arm; is a result of the oblique posterior groove of the trochlea

Back 326

carrying angle

Front 327

what is the "normal" range of carrying angle?

Back 327

2-26º

Front 328

is the carrying angle commonly higher in men or women?

Back 328

women

Front 329

this is a spherical surface lying lateral to the trochlea on the humerus; articulates with the head of the radius

Back 329

capitulum

Front 330

this is above the trochlea posteriorly on the humerus; accepts the olecranon during elbow extension

Back 330

olecranon fossa

Front 331

this lies above the capitulum on the lateral side of hte coronoid fossa of the humerus; accepts the radial head during elbow flexion (in thin people)

Back 331

radial fossa

Front 332

this lies above the trochlea on the anterior surface of the humerus; accepts the coronoid process of the ulna during elbow flexion

Back 332

coronoid fossa

Front 333

this is the uppermost part of the ulna which can easily be felt through the skin

Back 333

olecranon

Front 334

what are five structures that attach at the olecranon process?

Back 334

(1) triceps
(2) anconeus
(3) FCU
(4) ulnar/medial collateral ligament
(5) FDP

Front 335

this is a projection from the anterior ulna below the olecranon; forms the lower part of the trochlear notch

Back 335

coronoid process

Front 336

what two structures does the coronoid process of the ulna serve as an attachment for?

Back 336

(1) brachialis
(2) ulnar/medial collateral ligament

Front 337

this notch on the ulna articulates with the trochlea of the humerus; is formed by the anterior surface of the olecranon and the superior surface of the coronoid process

Back 337

trochlear notch

Front 338

this notch is on the upper lateral side of the ulna; articulates with the head of the radius

Back 338

radial notch

Front 339

this bony prominence is located on the anterior surface of the coronoid process of the ulna

Back 339

tuberosity of ulna

Front 340

this part of the ulna is on the medial and posterior part of the wrist and articulates with the ulnar notch of the radius

Back 340

head

Front 341

this is a projection from the posteromedial aspect of the ulna (distal part)

Back 341

styloid process

Front 342

what muscle tendon runs through the shallow groove between the styloid process and the head of the ulna?

Back 342

extensor carpi ulnaris

Front 343

this is the disc shaped part of the radius whose upper surface is concave for articulation with the capitulum

Back 343

head

Front 344

this part of the radius is the constricted part below the head

Back 344

neck

Front 345

this bony prominence of the radius is located below the neck on its medial side

Back 345

radial tuberosity

Front 346

what muscle attaches at the radial tuberosity?

Back 346

biceps brachii

Front 347

what shape is the radius laterally, convex or concave?

Back 347

convex

Front 348

what shape is the radius anteriorly, convex or concave?

Back 348

concave

Front 349

this is on the medial surface of the distal end of the radius for articulation with the head of the ulna

Back 349

ulnar notch

Front 350

this bony prominence is on the distal lateral part of the radius; it projects farther distally than the ulnar equivalent

Back 350

radial styloid process

Front 351

in what position of the elbow are the epicondyles and olecranon in a straight line?

Back 351

extension

Front 352

in what position of the elbow do the epicondyles and elbow form a triangle?

Back 352

90º of flexion

Front 353

what type of joint is the elbow classified as?

Back 353

compound

Front 354

what is considered the "true" elbow joint?

Back 354

ulnohumeral

Front 355

what type of joint is the ulnohumeral joint?

Back 355

ginglymus/modified hinge

Front 356

what type of joint is the humeroradial?

Back 356

arthrodial/gliding

Front 357

what motions occur at the elbow joint?

Back 357

flexion and extension

Front 358

where is the axis of rotation of the elbow joint medially?

Back 358

through the medial epicondyle

Front 359

where is the axis of rotation of the elbow laterally?

Back 359

through the capitulum

Front 360

what three joints of the elbow are contained in the synovial joint capsule?

Back 360

(1) ulnohumeral
(2) radiohumeral
(3) proximal radioulnar

Front 361

what three muscles are closely related to the elbow joint capsule?

Back 361

(1) brachialis
(2) triceps
(3) anconeus

Front 362

what is the close packed position for the ulnohumeral joint?

Back 362

extension

Front 363

what is the close packed position for the radiohmeral joint?

Back 363

semipronated and semiflexed

Front 364

what ligaments of the elbow joint are considered thickenings of the joint capsule?

Back 364

UCL and RCL

Front 365

in what position is the anterior elbow joint capsule taut?

Back 365

extension

Front 366

in what position is the posterior elbow joint capsule taut?

Back 366

flexion

Front 367

this ligament is intimately blended with the origins of the supinator and the ECRB; is a key stabilizer for varus stress and posterolateral instability; is taut throughout the range of flexion and extension of the elbow; runs from the lateral epicondyle to the annular ligament

Back 367

lateral collateral ligament

Front 368

this ligament runs from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the supinator tubercle on the ulna; is the primary restraint to varus stress and is deficient in posterolateral rotary instability

Back 368

lateral ulnar collateral ligament

Front 369

this part of the medial collateral ligament runs from the medial epicondyle to the upper medial portion of the coronoid process

Back 369

anterior

Front 370

this part of the medial collateral ligament runs from the medialy epicondyle to the medial margin of the olecranon

Back 370

posterior

Front 371

this part of the medial collateral ligament runs from the olecranon to the coronoid process

Back 371

oblique/transverse

Front 372

what three structures is the medial collateral ligament closely related to?

Back 372

(1) triceps
(2) FCU
(3) ulnar nerve

Front 373

what type of force does the medial collateral ligament resist?

Back 373

valgus

Front 374

what portion of the medial collateral ligament of the elbow is most commonly injured?

Back 374

anterior

Front 375

this part of the MCL at the elbow is the primary stabilizer of the elbow to valgus stress from 20-120º of flexion

Back 375

anterior

Front 376

this part of the MCL at the elbow is the co-primary restraint at 120º of flexion and limits extension; it has a decreased role in limiting valgus compared to the other portions, and is taut with elbow flexion

Back 376

posterior

Front 377

what are the six muscles of elbow flexion?

Back 377

(1) brachialis
(2) biceps brachii
(3) brachioradialis
(4) pronator teres
(5) ECRL
(6) FCR (at elbow angles of 50º or more)

Front 378

what are the five muscles of elbow extension?

Back 378

(1) triceps brachii
(2) anconeus
(3) articularis cubiti
(4) FCU
(5) ECU

Front 379

this muscle is attached to the capsule of the elbow; it pulls the capsule out of the way during elbow extension so it doesn't get pinched

Back 379

articularis cubiti

Front 380

this bursa of the elbow is located between the biceps tendon and the radial tuberosity

Back 380

bicipitoradial

Front 381

this bursa of the elbow is located between the ED, the radiohumeral joint and the supinator muscle; may be associated with tennis elbow

Back 381

radioulnar

Front 382

what type of joint is the proximal radioulnar joint classified as?

Back 382

pivot/trochoid joint

Front 383

what motions occur at the proximal radioulnar joint?

Back 383

forearm pronation and supination

Front 384

what is the axis of the proximal radioulnar joint?

Back 384

longitudinal through the forearm

Front 385

this ligament of the proximal RU joint encircles the head of the radius and maintains it in contact with the radial notch of the ulna; is attaches to the annterior and posterior borders of the radial notch of the ulna; superficial surface blends with the radial collateral ligament and serves as a part of the origin of the supinator

Back 385

annular

Front 386

this ligament of the proximal RU joint is a fibrous band attached to the inferior border of the radial notch and to the neck of the radius; it limits rotation of the head of the radius in the fibrosseous ring (limits pronation/supination)

Back 386

quadrate

Front 387

what two muscles are involved in forearm supination?

Back 387

supinator and biceps brachii

Front 388

what muscles may assist in forearm supination?

Back 388

finger and wrist extensors (anything that comes from the lateral epicodyle diagonally across the forearm)

Front 389

what three muscles participate in forearm pronation?

Back 389

(1) pronator teres
(2) pronator quadratus
(3) FCR

Front 390

what type of joint is the middle radioulnar joint classified as?

Back 390

synarthroses

Front 391

what motions occur at the middle radioulnar joint?

Back 391

forearm pronation and supination

Front 392

is the proximal radioulnar joint contained within the elbow capsule?

Back 392

yes

Front 393

is the middle radioulnar joint contained within a capsule?

Back 393

no

Front 394

this membrane of the middle radioulnar joint binds the radius and ulna together and prevents slippage

Back 394

interosseous membrane

Front 395

this cord of the middle radioulnar joint limits supination; it goes from the tuberosity of the ulna to just a little below the radial tuberosity

Back 395

oblique cord

Front 396

what type of joint is the distal radioulnar joint classified as?

Back 396

pivot/trochoid joint

Front 397

what motions occur at the distal radioulnar joint?

Back 397

forearm pronation and supination

Front 398

is the distal radioulnar joint contained within the wrist joint capusle, or does it have its own capsule?

Back 398

its own

Front 399

these two ligaments of the distal radioulnar joint help limit both pronation and supination and are important stabilizers for the joint

Back 399

palmar and dorsal radioulnar ligaments

Front 400

this structure in the distal radioulnar joint goes from the distal edge of the ulnar notch of the radius to the styloid process of the ulna and ulnar head and into the deep aspect of the medial ligament of the wrist; functions to separate the distal RU from the RC joint, binds radius and ulna together, and provides dual articular surface

Back 400

articular disc

Front 401

the median nerve is located medial to what artery in the cubital fossa?

Back 401

brachial artery

Front 402

what muscle does the median nerve pass through the two heads of after leaving the cubital fossa?

Back 402

pronator teres

Front 403

between what two muscles does the median nerve pass through in the forearm after leaving the pronator teres?

Back 403

flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus

Front 404

the ulnar nerve passes through this space in the elbow that is formed by the elbow joint and MCL laterally, and by a fibrous aponeurosis between the two heads of the FCU medially

Back 404

cubital tunnel

Front 405

between two heads of what muscle does the radial nerve come from to get to the elbow?

Back 405

triceps

Front 406

the radial nerve lies lateral to what two muscle tendons, about 2-3 cm proximal to the lateral epicondyle?

Back 406

brachialis and biceps tendon

Front 407

the radial nerve lies medial to what muscle about 2-3 cm proximal to the lateral epicondyle?

Back 407

brachioradialis

Front 408

what muscle does the deep branch of the radial nerve pass through?

Back 408

supinator

Front 409

what is another name for the deep branch of the radial nerve?

Back 409

posterior interosseous nerve

Front 410

what muscle is in close relationship to the deep branch of the radial nerve?

Back 410

extensor carpi radialis brevis

Front 411

this artery is located medial to the tendon of the biceps brachii in the cubital fossa

Back 411

brachial artery

Front 412

what are two things that you can use to determine if someone has full finger flexion?

Back 412

(1) fingertips to palm
(2) fingertips to distal palmar crease
(both measured in cm)

Front 413

what artery is contained within the anatomical snuff box?

Back 413

radial artery

Front 414

how thick is the skin on the volar surface of the hand?

Back 414

4 mm

Front 415

how thick is the skin on the dorsal surface of the hand?

Back 415

1-2 mm

Front 416

why is the skin so loose on the dorsal surface of the hand?

Back 416

to allow full flexion of the fingers (to make a fist)

Front 417

this structure protects the palm, provides a sheath for tendons, and divides the hand into functional compartments

Back 417

palmar fascia

Front 418

this palmar septa runs from the palmar aponeurosis to the 5th metacarpal

Back 418

medial

Front 419

this palmar septa runs from the palmar aponeurosis to the first metacarpal

Back 419

lateral

Front 420

this palmar septa runs from the palmar aponeurosis to the third metacarpal

Back 420

oblique

Front 421

this compartment of the hand contains the hypothenar muscles, digital vessels and nerves (coming from the ulnar nerve)

Back 421

medial (hypothenar)

Front 422

this compartment of the hand contains the thenar muscles, vessels, and nerves (from the median nerve), and the flexor pollicis longus tendon

Back 422

lateral (thenar)

Front 423

this compartment of the hand contains the flexor tendons and lumbricales

Back 423

intermediate (central)

Front 424

this compartment of the hand contains the adductor pollicis muscles

Back 424

adductor

Front 425

this compartment of the hand contains the 3rd and 4th dorsal interossei and the 3rd and 4th plantar interossei

Back 425

medial midpalmar space

Front 426

this compartment of the hand contains the 1st and 2nd dorsal interossei and 2nd plantar interossei

Back 426

lateral midpalmar space

Front 427

in the palm, this is a well defined thickened area of the deep fascia; at its base, it has four slips that go into fibrous sheaths and at the apex, it is anchored to the flexor retinaculum

Back 427

palmar aponeurosis

Front 428

what two tendons are contained within the 1st dorsal compartment of the hand?

Back 428

abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis

Front 429

what two tendons are contained within the 2nd dorsal compartment of the hand?

Back 429

extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis

Front 430

what tendon is contained within the 3rd dorsal compartment of the hand?

Back 430

extensor pollicis longus

Front 431

what two tendons are contained within the 4th dorsal compartment of the hand?

Back 431

extensor digitorum communis and extensor indicis

Front 432

what tendon is contained within the 5th dorsal compartment of the hand?

Back 432

extensor digiti minimi

Front 433

what tendon is contained within the 6th dorsal compartment of the hand?

Back 433

extensor carpi ulnaris

Front 434

this disease is tenosynovitis of the first dorsal compartment

Back 434

DeQuervain's disease

Front 435

what shape is the volar surface of the hand?

Back 435

concave

Front 436

what shape is the dorsal surface of the hand?

Back 436

convex

Front 437

what prominence on the radius guides the extensor tendons at the wrist?

Back 437

Lister's tubercle

Front 438

what is the most commonly fractured bone in the body?

Back 438

distal radius

Front 439

which carpal bone is the "neighbor" to the ulna via the TFCC?

Back 439

triquetrum

Front 440

what carpal bones are contained in the proximal row (from lateral to medial)?

Back 440

(1) scaphoid
(2) lunate
(3) triquetrium
(4) pisiform

Front 441

what carpal bones are contained in the distal row (from lateral to medial)

Back 441

(1) trapezium
(2) trapezoid
(3) capitate
(4) hamate

Front 442

what carpal bones are contained in the radial column of the wrist, which is the base for wide range thumb motion?

Back 442

scaphoid
trapezium

Front 443

what column of the wrist is the base for wide range thumb motion?

Back 443

radial

Front 444

what column of the wrist is used for stability?

Back 444

central column

Front 445

what three carpal bones are contained in the central column of the wrist?

Back 445

(1) lunate
(2) trapezoid
(3) capitate

Front 446

what three carpal bones are contained in the ulnar column of the wrist?

Back 446

(1) hamate
(2) triquetrum
(3) pisiform

Front 447

what column of the wrist allows rotation of the 5th metacarpal?

Back 447

ulnar

Front 448

what are the two ulnar attachment sites for the flexor retinaculum?

Back 448

hook of the hamate and pisiform bones

Front 449

what are the two radial attachment sites for the flexor retinaculum?

Back 449

trapezium and scaphoid

Front 450

what are the ten contents of the carpal tunnel?

Back 450

(1) median nerve
(2) four flexor digitorum superficialis tendons
(3) four flexor digitorum profundus tendons
(4) flexor pollicis longus tendon

Front 451

what four bones does the extensor retinaculum of the wrist attach to?

Back 451

(1) radius
(2) styloid process of the ulna
(3) triquetrum
(4) pisiform

Front 452

which metacarpal in the hand is longest?

Back 452

second

Front 453

what carpal bone do the fingers point toward when they go into full flexion?

Back 453

scaphoid

Front 454

this joint of the hand is formed between the proximal and distal rows of the carpal bones

Back 454

midcarpal joint

Front 455

this joint of the hand is the saddle/sellar joint articulation of the trapezium and the 1st metacarpal

Back 455

1st carpometacarpal joint

Front 456

which fibers of the ANS sense pain?

Back 456

visceral afferents

Front 457

which fibers of the ANS are sympathetic and parasympathetic?

Back 457

visceral efferents

Front 458

both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems of the ANS are composed of what three things?

Back 458

(1) preganglionic fibers
(2) ganglia
(3) postganglionic fibers

Front 459

for the visceral efferent fibers of the ANS, what are the cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons made of?

Back 459

gray matter of the CNS

Front 460

where do the axons of the ANS visceral efferent preganglionic cell bodies synapse?

Back 460

cell bodies of postganglionic neurons

Front 461

for the visceral efferent fibers of the ANS, what are the cell bodies of the postganglionic neurons?

Back 461

autonomic ganglia outside the CNS

Front 462

where do the axons of the ANS visceral efferent postganglionic cells synapse?

Back 462

receptors in effector organs/target cells

Front 463

this division of the ANS dilates the pupil, does vasoconstriction, decreases serous secretions, increases heart rate, bronchodilation, inhibits peristalsis, increased glycogen breakdown, stores urine, and does ejaculation (known as fight or flight)

Back 463

sympathetic

Front 464

this division of the ANS constricts the pupil, erectile tissue, increases serous secretions, decreases heart rate and constricts coronary vessels, bronchoconstriction, peristalsis in gut, glycogen stores, stimulates urination, and erection (rest and digest)

Back 464

parasympathetic

Front 465

what is another name for the sympathetic division of the ANS?

Back 465

thoracolumbar division

Front 466

what is another name for the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

Back 466

craniosacral division

Front 467

what are the preganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic nervous system?

Back 467

intermediolateral cell columns in spinal cord of T1-L3

Front 468

what three places do the preganglionic sympathetic fibers leave from the spinal cord?

Back 468

(1) ventral root
(2) ventral ramus of spinal nerve
(3) gray rami communicantes

Front 469

where do most of the fibers of the sympathetic nervous system synapse?

Back 469

in the sympathetic chain with postganglionic cell bodies

Front 470

what are the three ganglia that some of the sympathetic nervous system preganglionic fibers synapse on (considered prevertebral plexuses)?

Back 470

(1) bilateral celiac ganglia
(2) superior mesenteric
(3) inferior mesenteric

Front 471

this division of the autonomic nervous system reaches the head, neck, body wall, limbs, and thoracic cavity

Back 471

sympathetic

Front 472

in the sympathetic nervous system, visceral input, instead of synapsing on the sympathetic chain, forms what types of nerves that communicate with prevertebral plexuses?

Back 472

splanchnic nerves

Front 473

what nucleus does the greater splanchnic nerve synapse on?

Back 473

celiac

Front 474

what nucleus does the lesser splanchnic nerve synapse on?

Back 474

aorticorenal

Front 475

what nucleus does the least splanchnic nerve synapse on?

Back 475

superior mesenteric

Front 476

what spinal levels are the greater splanchnic nerve derived from?

Back 476

T5-T9

Front 477

what spinal levels are the lesser splanchnic nerve derived from?

Back 477

T10-T11

Front 478

what spinal level is the least splanchnic nerve derived from?

Back 478

T12

Front 479

in the parasympathetic division of the ANS, what are the two types of preganglionic cell bodies?

Back 479

(1) gray matter of brainstem
(2) gray matter of intermediolateral sacral spinal cord (S2-S4)

Front 480

what two ways do the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers of the ANS exit the CNS?

Back 480

(1) through cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X
(2) through pelvic splanchnics

Front 481

what are the four cranial nerves that the parasympathetic nervous system uses to exit the CNS?

Back 481

III (oculomotor)
VII (facial)
IX (glossopharyngeal)
X (vagus)

Front 482

which postganglionic fibers usually travel farther, para or sympathetic?

Back 482

parasympathetic

Front 483

what nucleus do the oculomotor nerve fibers of the PANS synapse in?

Back 483

ciliary ganglion (which then provides postganglionic innervation to the eye)

Front 484

what two nuclei do the facial nerve fibers of the PANS synapse in?

Back 484

(1) pterygopalantine ganglion to the lacrimal gland
(2) submandibular ganglion to the sublingual and submandibular glands

Front 485

what nucleus do the facial nerve fibers of the PANS synapse in?

Back 485

otic ganglion (which goes to parotid gland)

Front 486

what organs do the cranial preganglionics of the PANS of the vagus nerve run to?

Back 486

(1) heart
(2) larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
(3) liver, gallbladder
(4) stomach, pancreas, intestine
(5) kidney
(6) colon to left colic flexure

Front 487

do the sacral preganglionics of the parasympathetic division of the ANS synapse on a postganglionic cell body in the periphery or go directly to the target organ?

Back 487

go directly to target organ to synapse on postganglionic cell bodies there

Front 488

what three organs do the sacral preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system synapse on?

Back 488

(1) bladder
(2) clitoris/penis
(3) colon distal to left colic flexure (descending, sigmoid, and rectum)

Front 489

in which division of the ANS are the postsynaptic ganglia centrally located?

Back 489

sympathetic

Front 490

in which division of the ANS are the postsynaptic fibers relatively long?

Back 490

sympathetic

Front 491

in which division of the ANS are the postsynaptic fibers relatively short?

Back 491

parasympathetic

Front 492

in which division of the ANS are the presynaptic fibers relatively short?

Back 492

sympathetic

Front 493

in which division of the ANS are the presynaptic fibers relatively long?

Back 493

parasympathetic

Front 494

what is the neurotransmitter that is used in the preganglionic synapses of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?

Back 494

acetylcholine

Front 495

what is the neurotransmitter used in the postganglionic synapses of the sympathetic division?

Back 495

norepinephrine

Front 496

what is the neurotransmitter used in the postganglionic synapses of the parasympathetic division?

Back 496

acetylcholine

Front 497

what fibers of the ANS are present in every body organ, work at a subconscious level, and are responsible for generalized and "referred" pain

Back 497

ANS afferents

Front 498

this word means "going to the viscera"

Back 498

splanchnic

Front 499

these splanchnic nerves come from levels T5-T12 and head towards the celiac, superior mesenteric, and aorticorenal ganglia

Back 499

thoracic

Front 500

what spinal levels do the thoracic splanchnics come from?

Back 500

T5-T12

Front 501

what spinal levels do the lumbar splanchnics come from?

Back 501

L1-L2, sometimes L3

Front 502

what spinal levels do the pelvic splanchnics come from?

Back 502

S2-S4

Front 503

which splanchnic nerve divisions are part of the sympathetic division?

Back 503

thoracic and lumbar

Front 504

which splanchnic nerve division is part of the parasympathetic division?

Back 504

pelvic

Front 505

these splanchnic nerves come from L1-L2 and head toward the inferior mesenteric ganglion

Back 505

lumbar

Front 506

these splanchnic nerves come from S2-S4 and head toward the distal colon and pelvic viscera

Back 506

pelvic