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261 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what germ layer do limbs come from
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mesoderm
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gastrulation vs. neurulation
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gastrulation produces mesoderm, ectorderm, endoderm and notochord while neurulation makes neural tube and neural crest cells
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paraxial vs lateral plate mesoderm- hwat came from each
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paraxial mesoderm turned into muscle and vert, and skin
lateral plate mesoderm made bones - appendicular skeleton |
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difference between dermatome and myotome
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dermatome becomes the dermis of the skin and extablishes a patterned association between skin sensation and the spinal cord
or you could say a patch of skin assd with certain spinal level usually assd withor supplied by more than 1 cutaneous nerve myotome becomes the voluntary musculature and establishes a patterned association between muscle function and the spinal cord. or a cluster of musucles whose innervation is assd witha spinal level and most myotomes assd with more than one spinal level so if destroyed only 1 spinal level will give muscle weakness |
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are dermatomes or myotomes assd with mvts
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myotomes so only have to memorize the mvts and the deviations
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what does AER or apical ectodermal ridge do
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governs the course of linb dvpt, also ends limb dvpt in apoptosis which is selective cell ceath in the tissues between the digits
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what's taken during pregnancy that could stop limbs from dveloping
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thalidamide
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what type of bone formation is assd with growth and repair of broken bones
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membranous ossification
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what are the two methods of bone formation and what kind of bones is each more common in
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membranous ossification- flat bones-goes directly into bone from mesenchyme
endhochondral ossification - cartilage to bone, more common in long bones |
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what muscle is innervated by almost the same myotome and dermatome
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deltoid
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which direction does the upper vs lower limb rotate and what then happens to the developmental depressors and elevators in both upper and lower i.e. what do they turn into
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the upper is 90 laterally
and lower is 90 medially upperlimb: depressors turn into mostly flexors and pronators,- innerv by anterior division elevators turn into extensors still innerv by posterior divison lower limb=90 medially dvptl depressors are now flexors and adductors- innerv by anterior division elevator muscles are now mostly extensors and abductors still innerv by posterior division |
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difference bet a dermatome and a cutaneous nerve
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dermatome =region of skin supplied by a single spinal level. they are frequently supplied by several cutaneous nerves therefore a sensory problem at the spinal level will manifest itself as a problem with several different cutaneous nerves.
and cutaneous nerve arre frequently composed of several spinal levels therefore a peripheral sensory nerve problem will manifest itself as a problem that crosses several different dermatomes |
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what nerve supplies cutaneous innervation to the axilla
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intercostobrachial nerve, a lateral cutenous branch of the T2 intercostal nerve
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what supplies cutaneous innervation to the superior lateral aspect of the arm (over the deltoid muscle)
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upper lateral brachial cutaneous nerve (c5) , a branch of the axillary nerve
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what supplies cutaneous innervation to the middle and lower aspects of the lateral part of the arm
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branches of the radial nerve known as the lower (sometime middle) and lateral brachial cutaneous nerve (c6 and 7)
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what supplies cutaneous innervation to the posterior aspect of the arm
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a branch of the radial nerve= the posterior brachial cutaneous nerve (c8 and t1)
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what does the upper limb hang on the body by and what is it composed of
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the pectoral girdle composed of the scapula and the clavlicle
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what is the only bony attachment bet the upperlimb and the body
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the sternoclavicular joint so viz the clavicle- it's a synovial joint (sellar) with a joint disc.
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where does teh clavicle all articulate with and what type of joint is each
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the sternum, the acromion process and the coracoid process of the scapula
sternoclavicular and coracoacromial joint are synovial joints with sternoclavicular being sellar and coracoacromial being planar. coracoclavicular is a syndesmosis joint!! |
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4 ligaments of the clavicles articulationm with the sternum
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sternoclavicular lig
interclavicular capsular costoclavicular |
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ligament in acromioclavicular joint
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capsular lig
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lig's in coracoclavicular joint
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conoid leg and trapezoid lig
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where is the spine of the scApula located
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on the D"ORSAL surface of the scap
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what is the most commonly injiured rotator cuff muscle and what is it needed for
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the supraspinatous, needed for initiating abduction before the deltoid takes over
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paralysis of this muscle causes scapular winging
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serratus anterior
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what nerve runs superficial to the serratus anterior muscle
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long thoracic nerve-- c5 6 and 7, same one that innervates it
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the 4 rotator cuff muscles and what their primary function is
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the sit's muscles- to stablize glenohumeral joint
supraspinatous infraspinatous teres minor subscapularis |
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whats theonly rotator cuff muscle not inserting upon the greater tubercle and where does it insert
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the subscapularis inserts on the lesser tubercle.
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are all muscles in rotator cuff active in shulder rotation
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no so misnomer
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all rotator cuff muscles were developmentally elevators or depressors and what does that mean innervation wise
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elevators which means they are innervated by posterior divisions of the ventral rami
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boundaries of teh quadrangular space and what is it a passageway for
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sup:teres minor/subscapularis
medially: long head of triceps brachii inferior: teres major laterally= humerus passageway for axillary nerve and posterior humercal circumflex A and V |
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where do the axillary nerve and posterior humeral circumflex A and V pass thru i.e. what space
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the quadrangular space
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what borders teh triangular space (not triangular interval) and what is it a passageway for
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sup: teres minor
inf: teres major lat: long head of triceps brachii passway for circumflex scapular artery and vein so if you find this you can determine the muscles |
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what muscles are you able to identify if you find the circumflex artery and vein
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since it passes thru the triangular space, you can identify those muscles which are the teres minor and major and the long head of the triceps brachii
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what borders teh triangular interval and what is it a passage way for- 2 thigns
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sup: teres major
med: long head of triceps brachii laterally-humerus passway for radial nerve and profunda brachii A and V |
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if you spot the radial nerve what muscles can you automatically identify
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the ones from the triangular interval i.e. the teres major, long head of trecips brachii (humerus is other border)
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what is the suprascapular notch or foramen capped by and what is it a passage for
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by the suprascapular ligament and it a passaway for suprascapular nerve ( the suprascapular a and v usually pass superior to the lig)
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where does the suprascapular nerve pass thru
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the suprascapular notch or foramen ( a and v usually pass above ligament that caps the notch)
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what angles do the clavicle, scapula and axial skeleton articulate at in a typical relaxed posture
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60 deg. equilateral triangle
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the borders of the deltopectoral triangle and what is it a passageway for
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sup:inferior border of the clavicle
laterally=medial/anterior border of deltoids medially=pec major passway for the cephalic vein which is a large superficial vein of the upper limb to drain into the axillary vein (main vein of the upper limb) |
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what anatomical space does teh cephalic vein go through and what is it bounded by
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the deltopectoral triangle
and it's borders are the clavicle, the deltoid and the pec major |
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the axilla is a pyramidal space, name the following borders on it
Apex=3 base anterior=3 posterior=4 medial lateral |
Apex=3=first rib, clavicle and coracoid process of scapula
base=skin and axillary fascia anterior=3=pecs, anterior axillary fold that pec major forms, clavipectoral fascia posterior=4=subscapularis, latissimus dorsi, teres major, scapula medial=serratus anterior lateral=humerus (bicipital groove) |
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what supplies sensory innervation to the axilla
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intercostobrachial nerve (which is the lateral cutaneous branch of the t2 intercostal nerve, may join up with branches of the medial brachial cutaneous nerve( middle part of arm)
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5 things the axilla contains- general
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-axillary artery and veins
brachial plexus (infraclavicular portion) -lateral cutaneous branches of intercostal nerves axillary lymp nodes fat |
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what does the neumonic sometimes the lazy students pass anatomy for and where are each of those arteries in relation to the pectoralis minor ( superior, deep or inferior)?
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for the arteries off the axillary artery
superior to pec minor= supreme thoracic artery deep to pec minor= thoracoacromial trunk and lateral thoracic artery inferior to pec minor-subscapular (thoracodorsal and circumflex branch from this) posterior and anterior humeral circumflex |
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largest vein on the lateral vs medial aspect of the arm
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lateral =cephalic and mecial =axillary
cephalic drains into axillary at the deltopectoral triangle |
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what is the primary purpose of the superficial veins
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mostly for cooling system- found mostly withing superficial fascia but they can shut off when cold out and go through deep veins, also theses are used when muscles are being used/flexed and constricted
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****where does the brachial plexus come out
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between the middle and anterior scalene!
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what comes out bet the middle an danterior scalene?
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the bracial plexus@
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what forms the brachial plexus and what does it supply
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the ventral rami of the c5 to t1 spinal nerves
nerve supply to upper limb |
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what does the supraclavicular portion of the brachial plexus consist of
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the roots and the trunks
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what forms the infraclavicular portion of the brachial plexus
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the division cords nerves
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what does the long thoracic nerve supply and what spinal levels does it come from in the brachial plexus
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the serratus anterior andit comes from roots of c5,6, and 7,
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except for one muscle in each set,
the anterior divison of the brachial plexus provides what structures and where were they developmentally what about posterior division? |
anterior division provides flexors whcih were developmentally ventral structures
the posterior division provides extensors which were developmentallly dorsal structures |
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what forms the lateral cord and what are the 3 terminal branches
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the anterior divisons of the upper and middle trunk and the branches are
lateral pectoral nerve musculocutaneous nerve lateral root to the median nerve |
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what forms the medial cord and what are the 5 terminal branches
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just basically a name change of the anterior division of the lower trunk
branches= medial pectoral nerve medial brachial cutaneouss medial antebrachial cutaneous ulnar medial root to median nerve |
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what lies on the ventral surface of the subscapularis
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posterior cord
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what forms the posterior cord and what are the 5 terminal branches
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the posterior divisions of all three trunks
branches= upper subscapular nerve thoracodorsal lower subscapular nerve axillary radial |
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what are pretty much the only artern and nerve set that run together in the upper limb-2
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thoracodorsal n and arteries
also ulnar nerve and arteries |
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which branch of the posterior cord can have up to 12 of the same one
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upper subscapular nerve
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what supplies teh latissimus dorsi and where is it form on the brachial plexus
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the thoracodorsal nerve from the posterior cord
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what does the lower subscapular nerve mostly innervate and where is it from on the brachial plexus
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MOSTLY TERES major though some subscap stil, it's from the posterior cord
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what does the axillary nerve run with and thru what
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posterior humeral circumflex artery and vein thru the quadrangular space
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where does the radial nerve come from on the barchial plexus, what anatomical space does it run thru and with what
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from the posterior cord, runs thru the triangular interval with the profunda brachii A and V
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if you break the radial nerve at the brachial plexus, what will you not be able to extend anymore and what can you still extend
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you won't be able to extend your fingers hand or elbow but you can still extend your shoulder
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cutaneous innervation to the summit of the shoulder
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supraclavicular nerves c3 c4
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cutaneous innervation to proximal lateral arm
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upper lateral brachial cutaneous nerve from axillary nerve c5 and c6
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cutaneous innervation to middle lateral arm and where comes from
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lower lateral brachial cutaneous nerve from radial nerve c5 and c6
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cutaneous innervation to distal lateral arm and where from
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lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve continuation of the musculocutaneous nerve from the lateral cord c5 and c6
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cutaneous innervation to proximal medial arm and where from
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medial brachial cutaneous nerve from the medial cord c8 and t1 (could also have t2 contributions from the intercostobrachial cutaneous nerve
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cutaneous innervation to distal medial arm and where from
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medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve from medial cord c8 and t1
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cutaneous innervation to proximal posterior arm
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posterior brachail cutaneous from radial nerve so c6 c7 and c8
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cutaneous innervation to distal posterior arm
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posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve from radial nerve c6 c7 and c8
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if you can't work oen of the 3 muscles of the anterior arm (coracobrachialis, brachialis or biceps brachii) then you must also have lost what
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sensation in lateral forearm?
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all three muscles of the anterior arm innervated by what
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musculocutaneous nerve
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where does blood to the anterior arm come from-2
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brachial Artery andd ulnar collaterals
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the most powerful supinator
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biceps brahcii
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which muscle in the anterior arm doesn't attach to the humerus at all
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biceps brachii
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with and exception in each compartment of the arm, long is always...
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lateral
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what muscle is the only one really used in pull ups
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coracobrachialis
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what are the 2 arteries without accomanying nerves in the arm
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inferior ulnar collateral artery
middle collateral artery |
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only motor nerve without accompanying artery in the arm
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musculocutaneous nerve
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the median nerve is assd with which A in arm
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brachial artery
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the ulnar nerve is assd with which artery in the arm and which two in the forearm
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superior ulnar collateral artery in arm and in forearm is posterior ulnar recurrent and ulnar artery
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the radial nerve is assd with which two arteries in the arm and which artery in the forearm
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arm=profunda brachii and radial collateral artery
forearm=radial recurrent artery |
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the axillary nerve is assd with which two arteries in the arm
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posterior humeral and circumflex artery
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the anterior interosseous nerve is assd with which artery in the forearm
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anterior interosseous artery
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the posterior interosseous nerve is assd with which artery in the forearm
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the posterior interosseous artery
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the one muscle in the extensor compartment of the arm and what it does
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triceps brachii- extends elbow and shoulder
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blood vessels supplying the triceps brahcii
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the profunda brachii artery with the two branches (radial and middle collateral arteries)
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what is the cubital fossa boundaries
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pronator teres, brachioradialis, and line passin thru the humeral epicondyles,
roof= bicipital aponeurosis ( a flat tendon that blends with fascia covering pronator teres and attaches to ulna, that adds protection to refion for median nerve) floor= brachialis muscle |
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what is deep to the cubital fossa
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the distal humerus and the elbow joint
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what does the cubital fossa contain from medial to lateral
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median nerve, brachial artery and vein (possibly beginning of ulnar and radial arteries and possibly exiting basilic vein)
-tendon of biceps brachii |
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where is the ulnar nerve in relation to the cubital fossa, what about the radial nerve?
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ulnar nerve and it's accompanying artery are medial and posterior to fossa
radial nerve and accompanyin artery are lateral and anterior to fossa |
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waht two veins are superficial to the cubital fossa and label which is lateral/medial, also what often links those two veins
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lateral is the cephalic vein
medial is the basilic vein linking them can be the median cubital vein |
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what are two potential entrapment spots for the median nerve
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the pronator teres and also the flexor digitorum superficialis
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what 3 thigns do all the superficial flexors have in common
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they're all from the medial epicondyle,
they're all weak forearm flexors all innervated by the median nerve |
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why does the palmaris longus stick out
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b/c it's not covered by the retinaculum
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name the medial lateral and posterior cutaneous innervations and where each of those nerves comes from
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medial=medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve from the medial cord of the brach plexus
lateral= lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve = a continuation of the musculocutaneous nerve (lateral cord of brachial plexus) posterior=posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve from the radial nerve from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus |
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where does the median nerve run in the forearm- bet what two muscles
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on the deep surface bet. flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus
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what are they two main functional components of teh forearm and where are they located
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extensor= posterior and lateral
flexor= 3 compartments anterior medial? |
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what are the 3 functional compartments in the flexor compartment of the forearm also what supplies each
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1.cnetral superficial compartment=median nerve
2=medial compartment=ulnar nerve 3=central deep compartment= anterior interosseous nerve which is a branch of the median nerve |
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what are the 4 muscles of the superficial central flexor compartment and what are they all innervated by, what do they all arise from and what action do they all perform
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pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor digitorum superficialis.
all arise from the medial epicondyle all are WEAK elbow flexors all innervated by median nerve |
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wha tare the three muscles of the deep central flexor compartment, what do they all arise from and what are they all innervated by
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pronator quadratus, flexor pollicis longus, flexor digitorum profundus
all arise from the shafts of the ulna and radius all innervated by anterior interosseous nerve |
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waht are the 2 muscles of the medial flexor compartment and what are thye all innvervated by
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flexor carpi ulnaris, and flexor digitorum profundus
all innervated by ulnar nerve |
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waht nerve does the basilic vein run with?
what about the cephalic vein? |
basilic runs with the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve- hence main superficial vein on medial side of forearm
cephalic vein runs with lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve hence on lateral side of forearm |
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basilic and cephalic veins come together on the back of the hand as the what
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dorsal venous arch
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waht nerve does the basilic vein run with?
what about the cephalic vein? |
basilic runs with the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve- hence main superficial vein on medial side of forearm
cephalic vein runs with lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve hence on lateral side of forearm |
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when the brachial artery divides in the cubital fossa, what is the lateral branch and what goes medially
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laterally is the radial artery, ulnar artery runs medially
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what does the superior ulnar collateral artery anastamose with and what nerve accompanies that
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it anastamoses with the posterior ulnar recurrent artery and is accompanied by ulnar nerve
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what does the inferior ulnar collateral artery anastamose with
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the anterior ulnar recurrent artery
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what does the radial collateral artery anastamose with and what nerve accompanies that
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radial recurrent artery, accompained by radial nerve
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what does the middle collateral artery anastamose with
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interosseous recurrent artery
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around the wrist what does the anterior interosseous artery anasamose with
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the posterior interosseous artery
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around the wrist what does th palmar carpal artery from the ulnar artery anastamose with
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the palmar carpal artery from the radial artery
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around the wrist what does the corsal carpal artery from the ulnar A anastamose with and what does that form
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the dorsal carpal artery from the radial A and that forms the dorsal carpal arch
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why can the median nerve become entrapped by the pronator teres sometimes
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because it passes between the two heads (it supplies pronator teres too)
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what does the median nerve pass thru to enter the wrist
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carpal tunnel
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what are the 4 main branches of the median nerve and what do they supply
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1. articular= elbow joint
2. muscular=superficial central flexor compartment 3. anterior interosseous= deep central flexor compartment 4.palmar cutaneous nerve= passes superficial to the flexor retincaulum to supply the skin of the anterior wrist and proximal lateral palm |
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what muscles does the ulnar nerve run bet in the forearn
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in the medial forearm it runs bet. the flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor digitorum profundus
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where is the ulnar nerve in relation to the medial epicondyle of the humerus
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posterior
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where is a common site of entrapment for the ulnar nerve in the forearm
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between the two heads of flexor carpi ulnaris
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where does the ulnar nerve enter the wrist thru
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the tunnel of guyon, between the pisiform and the hook of the hamate
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waht are the four main branches of the ulnar nerve and where does each innervate
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1.articular-to elbow
2. muscular- to medial flexor compartment 3. dorsal cutaneous nerve=supplies skin on medial aspect of dorsal hand 4. palmar cutaneous nerve= skin on anterior wrist and proximal medial palm |
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where is the radial nerve in relation the the lateral epicondyle and what two branches does it then divide into in the forearm
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anterior then divides into the deep and superficial radial nerves
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what are they 5 main branches of the radial nerve and where do thye each innervate
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1. articular=to elbow joint
2.posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve- supplies skin of posterior aspect of the forearm 5. superficial radial nerve= cutaneous componennt supplies skin on dorsal lateral aspect of the hand 3. deep radial nerve= motor component, pierces supinator and emerges as the posterior interosseous nerve 4. posterior interosseous nerve= motor component, supplies most of the muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm |
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in the forearm, what artery assd with ulnar nerve (2)
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ulnar artery and posterior ulnar recurrent artery
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in the forearm, what artery assd with median nerve?
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none
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in the forearm, what artery assd with anterior interosseous nerve
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anterior interosseous A
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in the forearm, what artery assd with radial nerve
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radial recurrent artery- debateable by me though
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in the forearm, what artery assd with the superficial radial nerve
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radial artery
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in the forearm, what artery assd with posterior interosseous nerve
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post interosseous a
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what is the roof and the floor of the carpal tunnel and the function of each thing that forms them- also for the roof, where does it stretch between
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roof=flexor retinaculum which prevents bowstringing of tendons, it stretches between the pisiform and the hamate and then the trapezium and the scaphoid
floor is the palmar carpal ligament which binds the carpal bones together |
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what are the contents of the carpal tunnel (9lig's and 1 nerve)
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median nerve
flexor digitorum superficialis=4 tendons flexor digitorum profundus=4 tendons flexor pollicis longus=1 tendon |
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what is carpal tunnel syndrome
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compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel region- shown by deficiencies of all things supplied by the median nerve DISTAL to the carpal tunnel!
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what are common symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome
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pain and tingling in digits 1-3 1/2 not in the palm
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where is the tunnel of guyon in relation to the carpal tunnel
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it's superficial and medial to it
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what are the boundaries of the tunnel of guyon (floor roof and walls) and what it it a passageway for (1 nerve, two blood vessels)
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floor=flexor retinaculum
roof=tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris walls=pisiform and hamate passway for ulnar nerve, A and V |
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what is guyon's canal syndrome
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comprssion of the ulnar nerve, deficiencies of all things supplied by the ulnar nerve distal to the tunnel
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what are the 2 special muscles of the externsor compartment of teh forearm and why are they special and what innervates them
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the anconeus b/c it extends the elbow
the brachioradialis b/c it's a flexor! misplaced during development, both innervated by the radial nerve |
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most muslcess that extend the wrist or fingers are innervated by_____________. with three exceptions, what are those and what are they innervated by
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the posterior interosseous nerve
. except: extensor carpi radialis longus=radial extensor carpi radialis brevis=deep radial nerve supinator=deep radial nerve |
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what's the primary blood supply to the forearm extensors
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posterior interosseous artery
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what are the boundaries of teh anatomical snuff box
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the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis= laterally
medially=extensor pollicis longus |
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what can be palpated in the snuff box
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the radial pulse
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what does tenderness in the snuff box indicate and what could that lead to/why
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injury to the scaphoid, could lead to necrosis of the carpal bones b/c the dorsal carpal branch of the radial artery comes off here
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can you adduct your middle finger
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no you can only abduct it
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what is the palmar aponeurosis
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dense fascia covering most of the palm, just deep to the skin, continuous with the flexor retinaculum, divides into 4 slips for the fingers, main instertion of the palmaris longus
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all muscles in the hand are innervated by the deep branch of the ulnar nerve except what 5 and what are they innervated by
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the 3 thenar compartment muscles i.e.
abductor pollicis brevis flexor pollicis brevis opponens pollicis and also the first two lumbricals all are innervated by the recurrent branch of the median nerve |
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what's teh space bet the metacarpals called
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interosseous compartment
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what two muscles are contained in the central compartment of the hand
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palmaris brevis and lumbricals
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what are the 3 different muscles in the interosseous compartment of the hand
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4 dorsal interossei
3 palmar interossei (middle finger doesn't have one) and an adductor pollicis |
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how many dorsal vs palmar interossei muscles are there and what are both of their actions
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4 dorsal and 3 palmar (middle finger doesn't have one)
the dorsal abducts and the palmar adducts (PAD DAB) |
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what is teh common flexion sheath and what compartment is it located in?
also what is the function, and where are the beginning and end |
the synovial sheath for the tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus
located in the central compartment it facilitates movement of the tendons typically begins just proximal to the flexor retinaculum and ends mid palm. it's a pathway and confinement for spread of infections |
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ulnar artery in the hand goes with which nerve
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ulnar nerve
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ulnar artery in the hand goes with which nerve
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ulnar nerve
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in the hand, which artery assd with the median nerve
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none@
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in the hand, which nerve assd with the common palmar digital and proper palmar digital arteries
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common palmar digital and proper palmar digital nerves of the medial 1.5 fingers (nerves divide earlier than arteries)
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in the hand, which nerve assd with common palmar digital and proper palmar digital arteries
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common palmar digital dn proper palmar digital nerves of the lateral 3.5 fingers?all fingers?
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what is the only bone to bone connection bet the upper ling and the axial skeleton
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the sternoclavicular joint
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what type of joint is the sternoclavicular
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synovial-sellar
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how many degrees of freedom does the sternoclavicular joint have
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2
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what lig surrounds teh synovial joint of the sternoclavicular joint
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capsular lig
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what type of joint is acromioclavicular
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synovial- plane/ gliding shape
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how many degrees of freedom does the acromiclavicular joint offer
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2
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what ligament surrounds a synovial joint
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capsular ligament
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what is the strongest joint bet the clavicle and the scapula and what type of joint is it and what two ligaments make it up
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the coracoclavicular ligament, it's a syndesmosis made up of a conoid and a trapezoid ligament
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which ligament caps the shoulder joint and helps to prevent superior displacement of the humerus
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coracoacromial ligament
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joint bet the humerus and the scapula
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glenohumeral joint
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what type of joint is the glenohumeral joint and how many degres of of reedom does it offer
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it's a synovial joint, spheroidal shape allwing for 3 degrees of freedom
flex/extend abd/add med/lat rotation |
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what is the fibrocartilage around glenoid that actsto extend the articular surface of the joint- like an extended lip
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glenoid labrum
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what enters the articular capsule or capsular ligament of the glenohumeral joint
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long head of biceps brachii
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what is the anterior thickening of the capsular ligament of the glenohumeral joint
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glenohumeral ligament
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goes from lesser to greater tubercle of the humerus and creates a tunnel for passage of teh biceps brachii tendon
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transverse humeral ligament
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what are they three distinct joints of the elbow and what do they all have in common
also what type of joint it each |
humeroulnar joint=synov, ginglymus
humeroradial= synov, ginglymus proximal radioulnarr=synov-trochoid all these joints share a single synovial capsule with a single capsular ligament allowing for one degree of freedom |
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what articulates with the trochlea of the huemrus
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the coronoid process of the ulna
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the rougly triangular shaped ulnar collateral ligaments has three distinct bands, anterior, posterior and oblique (or transverse), where do they attach
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anterior=medial epicondly of the humerus tothe medial edge of the coronoid process of the ulna
posterior band= med epicondyle of the humerus to the medial edge of the olecranon process of the ulna -oblique (transverse band)- medial edge of olec process of ulna to the medial edge of the coronoid processs of teh ulna |
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what ligament surround sthe head of the radius adn what ligament connects that to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
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he annular ligament
collateral ligament connects it to lateral epicondly of humerus |
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what is the ligament of the radioulnar joint - proximal middle and distal
and name what type of joint it is |
prox=the annular ligament encircles the radial head and joins it to the ulna
middle=syndesmosis fromed by interosseous membrane distal= trochoid shape/synov like the proxmial the lig is the articular capsule |
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all of the radius ulna and carpal bones are covered by a single synovial capsule formi what shaped joint and how many degers of freedom does it allosw for/ what motions
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an ellipsoid shpaed joint allowing for two degrees of freedom
flex/ext add/abduction |
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what is the main joint of the wrist
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the radiocarpal joint
between the radius scaphoid and lunate |
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what ligament is responsible for checking ADDuction of the wrist, what about abduction?
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adduction is the radial collateral ligament (or lateral collateral lig)
abduction is teh ulnar collateral lig (or medial collateral lig) both go from styloid processes to carpal bones |
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what is the common synovial sheath for the 8 tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus that starts proximal to the carpal tunnel and passes into the base of the palm typically is continuous with the synovial flexor sheath of digit 5
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ulnar bursa
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what is the independent synovial sheath for the tendon of flexor pollicis longus
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radial bursa
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what 3 things doall carpometacarpal joints have in common
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1all plane synovial joints
2.that have articular capsuled joined to the wrist capsule 3 and are bond together with: palmar and dorsal carpometacarpal ligaments and an intermetacarpal ligament (there's a special joint for the thumb) |
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what kind of joints are the metacarpophalangeal joints and how many degrees of freedom do the allow
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synovial ellipsoid
allow 2 degof freedom flex/ext add/abd althouh no muscle grp to produce ab and adduction |
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what type of joint for interphalangeal joints and how many degrees of freedom
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synovial-ginglymus, 1 deg of freedom
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what 3 things doall carpometacarpal joints have in common
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1all plane synovial joints
2.that have articular capsuled joined to the wrist capsule 3 and are bond together with: palmar and dorsal carpometacarpal ligaments and an intermetacarpal ligament (there's a special joint for the thumb) |
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what is teh extensor hood
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a dorsal digital expansion sheet on digits 2-5, a common tendinous band that allos simultaneous extension of the interpalangeal joints
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what two things do the nerve levels that make up the lumbosacral plexus have in common
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1. can be seen in the posterior abd wall or in the pelvis
2. most supply the lower limb or pelvic viscera |
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what nerve levels make up the lumbosacral plexus and what about the lumbar plexus and sacral plexus individually
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together t12-s4
lumbar=t12-L5 sacral=L4-s4 |
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the spinal levels of the lumbar plexus and what doe sit suppL
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t12-L5
supplies abdominal wall and anterior and medial compartments of the thigh |
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what spinal levels is the sacral plexus and what does it supply
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L4-S4
supplies pelvic viscera, perineum,, post compartment of thigh and the rest of the lower limb. portions of this plexus also serve as the source of pelvic parasympathetics |
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what does teh coccygeal plexus supply and what levels is it
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most of teh sensory nerve supply to pelvic viscera and overlying skin
S4-CX2 |
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what is supplied by and what spinal levels contibute to the subcostal nerve
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t12
mostly cutaneous, also supplies muscles of the abdominal wall |
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what is supplied by and what spinal levels contibute to the iliohypogastric nerve
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L1
mostly cutaneous also supplies muscles of the abdominal wall |
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what is supplied by and what spinal levels contibute to the ilioinguinal nerve
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L1- mostly cutaneous enters into the inguinal canal passin thru the superifcial inguinal ring, it will supply the prosimal medial thigh and the root of the penis or the mons pubis
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what is supplied by and what spinal levels contibute to the genitofemoral nerve
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L1 and L2
fermoral branch =L1 supplies skin over femoral triangle genital=L2 enters deep inguinal ring to supply the cremaster muscle and the wall of the scrotum or labia majora |
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what is supplied by and what spinal levels contibute to the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
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L2 andL3
spuplies the parietal peritoneum near the iliac fossa and then skin of the lateral thigh |
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what is supplied by and what spinal levels contibute to the femoral nerve
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post divisions of L2 3 and 4
supplies muscles in the anter compartment fo the thigh and skin over that compartment |
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what is supplied by and what spinal levels contibute to the obturator nerve
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anterior divisions of L2-4
supplies muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh and ksin over distal aspect of that compartment |
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what is supplied by and what spinal levels contibute to the lumbosacral trunk L4 and L5
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a fusion of 2 spinal levels forming a large nerve that contributes along with branches of the sacral plexus to the formation of the sciatic nerve
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what is supplied by and what spinal levels go into the superior gluteal nerve
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L4 L5 and S1
supplies the gluteus medius gluteus minimus and TFL |
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what is supplied by and what spinal levels go into the inferior gluteal nerve
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L5, S1 S2
supplies teh gluteus maximus |
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what spinal levels are the sciatic nerve, what does it supply and what are it's two divisions and are they ant or post
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L4,5 and S1,2and 3
supplies muscles of posterior compartment of the thigh, the entire leg and foot. has tibial nerve=anterior division common fibular nerve=posterior divisions |
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what is supplied by and what spinal levels go into the nerve to quadratus femoris
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L4,5 and S1, same as superior gluteal nerve but anterior divisions
supplies the quadratus femoris and inferior gemellus |
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what is supplied by and what spinal levels go into the nerve to obturator internus
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anterior divisions of L5, S1 and S2 (same as inferior gluteal but anterior instead of posterior)
supplies obturator internus and superior gemellus |
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what is supplied by and what spinal levels go into the posterior femoral cutaneous neerve
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posterior divisions of S1 and S2 and Anterior divisions of S2 and S3
supplies skin on posterior thigh, important branches also supply skin over inferior gluteal region and the perineum. |
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what is supplied by and what spinal levels go into the pudendal nerve
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S2, S3 and S4
supplies muscles of the perineum and is cutaneous to the posterior perineum |
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what is supplied by and what spinal levels go into the tibial nerve
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anterior divisions of L4-S3
supplies teh msucles of the posterior compartment of the thigh and muscles and skin of the posterior compartment leg and same with the plantar foot |
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what is supplied by and what spinal levels go into the common fibular nerve
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posterior divisions of L4-S2
supplies the muscles and skin of the anterior and lateral compartments of the leg and the same with the dorsal foot |
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where do the superior, middle, and inferior cluneal nerves supply cutaneous innervation to and what spinal levels do they come from
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superior cluneal=upper and lateral butt, dorsal rami of L1-L3
Middle cluneal=middle butt Dorsal rami S1-S3 inferior cluneal=inferior butt, from a branch of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve- ventral rami of S1 S2 and S3 |
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almost all gluteal muscles perform what action
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lateral rotation
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almost all gluteal muscles perform what action
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lateral rotation
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where do you get gluteal injections and why
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pretty much in teh gluteus medius b/c no hitting any nerves or blood vessels there
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what A, V and N enter the gluteal region thru the greater sciatic foramen SUPERIOR to the piriformis muscle
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superior gluteal A, V and N
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where does the deep fascia or fascia lata in the thigh extend from
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the inguinal ligament, ischium and lower border of gluteus maximus to the knee where it is continuous with the crural fascia
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the 2 specializations of teh deep fascia
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IT band, lateral thickiening of teh fascia that goes from TFL to lateral tibia stabilizes hip and limb
saphenous hiatus, hole that lets great saphenous vein enter to drain into the femoral vein, bounded by the falciform margin |
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what makes rectus femoris different than the other quads
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it crosses the hip joint and the others don't ( goes to the AIIS)
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which muscle aids knee extension by elevating the synovial capsule
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articularis genu
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boundaries with floor of the femoral triangle and it's contents
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inguinal ligament
sartorius adductor longus floor=pectineus (medial) illiopsoas) lateral contents= femoral N, A, V, and canal (has lymph) or could just say nerve and sheath b'c sheat has A,V andCanal |
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what is the femoral sheath
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fascial covering that contains femoral A, V and conal
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where does the femoral nerve enter the thigh
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bet illiopsoas muscle and femoral artery
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what are the 2 cutaneous branches of the femoral nerve
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anterior femoral cutaneous
and saphenous nerve (which travels with the femoral A thru the adductor canal and then joins with great saphenous vein) supplies skin on medial side of leg |
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what does the femoral artery change its name to after passing thr the adductor hiatus
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popliteal artery
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where does the great saphenous vein start, travel and then empty into
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starts on the dorsum of the foot
travels medially on leg and thigh drains into femoral vein in the femoral triangle |
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what is the adductor hiatus
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a deficiency in the insertion of the adductor magnus that allow blood vessels to pass to posterior thigh
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where does the adductor canal begin adn end, what 3 muscles is it between, what muscle is it deep to and what 3 things does it contain
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begins at apex of the femoral triangle
ends at adductor hiatus is bet. vastus medialis and adductorl longus and magnus deep to sartorius contains: femoral A and V N to Vastus medialis saphenous nerve |
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proximally the femoral nerve goes with what A
and what about the obturator N |
Femoral A and obturator A
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midthigh, the saphenous nerve goes with which A and what about the anterior branch of the obturator nerve
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saph goes with femoral A
ant branch of obturator nerve goes with descending branch of medial femoral circumflex artery |
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distally in teh thigh the saphenous nerve changes from runnig with the femoral artery midthigh to running with what
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great saphenous vein
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what muscle is the femoral artery deep to and what muscles does it lie bet
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deep to sartorius and bet aductor longus an dmagnus
gets deeper as goes down farther until goes into posterior component |
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what's the only muscle that doesn't cross teh knee joint in the posterior thigh
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adductor magnus
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what provides sensory stability of your hip joint/ allows you to stand on one foot
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the muscular tripod-= the sgt. tendons insterting on the pes anserinus
acts as dynamic guide wires to stabilize torso on the ball of the hip joint |
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what artery is formed as an anastomotic chain and supplies the sciatic nerve and surrounding structures
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arteria ischiadica magna
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largets cutaneous vein on posterior lateral leg
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small saphenous vein
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where does the saphenous vein start and where does it run and which vein does it drain into and where does that happen
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-small saphenous vein
-starts on dorsal venous arch (on foot dorsum) -runs alon post and lat par to leg and ankle -pierces popliteal fascia to drain into the poloiteal vein withing the fossa |
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what is the main cutaneous nerve running down the posterior leg
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SURAL nreve
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what forms the sural N in the leg and where are each of those from
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the sural communicating branch of the common fibular nerve and the medial sural cutaneous nerve from the tibial nerve
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propriception musc in post leg
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plantaris
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what fascia compartmentalizes the leg into ant (dorsiflexors, post=plantarflexors and lateral =everters)
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the crural fascia
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what is the only muscle in the post compartment of the leg that doesn't cross teh ankle joint
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popliteus
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gastroc 2 heads and soleus together called
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triceps surae
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in the posterior compartment of the leg, what blood vessels do these nerves run with
-tibial N -Sural N |
tibial nerve runs with posterior tibial artery
sural "N runs with small saphenous vein fibular A runs with nothing |
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in the anterior compartment of the leg what vessels do these run with
deep fibular N Saphenous N |
anterior tibial nerve
and saphenous nerve runs with great saphenous vein |
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in the anterior compartment of the leg what vessels do these run with
deep fibular N Saphenous N |
anterior tibial nerve
and saphenous nerve runs with great saphenous vein |
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what 4 thingspass anterior to the medial malleoulus
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the great saphenous vein and saphenous nerve
tendons of tibialis anterior and extensor hallucis longus |
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what supplies most cutaneous innervation to the dorsum of the foot
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the superficial fibular nerve
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what supplies cutaneous innervation to the dorsal space bet. the big and 2nd toe and is motor to the dorsal foot muscles
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the deep fibular nerve
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which muscless of the plantar foot are medial plantar nerve instead of lateral plantar nerve
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Abductor Hallucis,
flexor digitorum brevis the 1st lumbrical (med. side of digit 2) -flexor hallucis brevis * so anything on plantar foot with brevis (flexor hallucis and flexor digitorum), the 1st lumbrical and the abductor hallucis since it's as medial as it gets on plantar foot |
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what spinal levels do all muscles on plantar foot come from?:
what about both muscles of dorsal foot? |
plantar=S2 andS3
dorsal-S1 and S2 |
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how many plantar interossei and dorsal interossei muscles are thera in the foot and where are they
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plantar=3 on medial side of metatarsals/digits 3-5
dorsal=4, bet 2-5 and on medial side of 2 |
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where does plantar aponeurosis come from
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deep fascia
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what does plantar aponeurosis act like- what muscle that is and why
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extensor digitorum brevis b/c attaches to center 3 toes
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the 2 tendons, vein, art, and N that pass posterior to the lateral malleolus
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tendons of fibularis longus and brevis
lateral malleolar and calcaneal branches of the fibular artery small saphenous vein sural nerve (lateral dorsal cut. N) |
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what 2 tendons, 2 nerves, and blood vessels pass anterior to the lat malleolus
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tendon of extensor digitorum longus,
anterior tibial arteyr and vein (dorsalis pedis artery) -superficial and deep fibular nerves |
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what does teh dorsalis pedis artery run with
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the deep fibular nerve
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what do the medial and lat plantar A's run with
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the med and lat Plantar N's
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after the lateral plantar artery becomes the plantar arch, what nerve continues following it that has been the whole time
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lateral plantar nerve
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what is teh link bet the axial skeleton and the pevlic girdle
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the sacroiliac joint
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what type of joint is the sacroiliac joint
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a syndesmosis
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wha tprevents lateral dislocation of the knee
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lateral lip of the patellar groove of the femur is higher
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