Anatomy Exam 2 - Week 5

Front 1

the dog contains _____ spinal nerves (#)

Back 1

36

Front 2

the four segments of spinal nerves in a dog

Back 2

roots, main trunk, 4 primary branches, and numerous peripheral branches

Front 3

spinal nerves branch from the spinal cord by emerging from the _________

Back 3

intervertebral foramina

Front 4

intervertebral foramina are formed by ________

Back 4

cranial and caudal vertebral notches of adjacent vertebrae

Front 5

peripherally, branches of spinal nerves may intermingle to form ______

Back 5

plexuses

Front 6

somatic plexuses

Back 6

those supplying body wall and appendages; no cell bodies or synapses

Front 7

visceral plexuses

Back 7

those around arteries supplying viscera and in walls of visceral organs; contain cell bodies and synapses

Front 8

there are ____ cervical spinal nerves

Back 8

8

Front 9

the first cervical spinal nerve passes through the __________

Back 9

lateral vertebral foramen of the atlas

Front 10

cervical spinal nerves 2-8 emerge from the _______

Back 10

intervertebral foramen between the cervical vertebrae

Front 11

the 3rd cervical spinal nerve emerges from the intervertebral foramen between ___________

Back 11

C2 and C3

Front 12

after the cervical spinal nerve leaves the foramen, it splits into __________

Back 12

a large ventral (motor efferent) branch and a small dorsal (sensory afferent) branch

Front 13

the 2nd thoracic spinal nerve emerges from __________

Back 13

intervertebral foramen between T2 and T3

Front 14

the first 3 dorsal intercostal arteries come from the _______

Back 14

costocervical trunk

Front 15

the last 9 dorsal intercostal arteries come from the ______

Back 15

aorta

Front 16

the dorsal branch splits into the ______

Back 16

spinal branch

Front 17

the ventral intercostal branch of the dorsal intercostal artery passes ventrally to join with the ______ branch from the ______

Back 17

the ventral intercostal branch from the internal thoracic artery

Front 18

the ventral branch gives off ______

Back 18

lateral cutaneous branches

Front 19

lateral cutaneous branches

Back 19

penetrate through the internal and external intercostal mm., perforating each intercostal space

Front 20

the perforating branch at the ventral aspect of each intercostal space is a ventral branch of the ______ artery

Back 20

internal thoracic

Front 21

the thoracic spinal nerve emerges from the intervertebral foramen to form ______

Back 21

dorsal and ventral nerve branches

Front 22

the dorsal branch splits into a ______

Back 22

medial branch and lateral branch to innervate lateral cutaneous structures

Front 23

intercostal nerves are....

Back 23

the ventral branches of the first 12 thoracic spinal nerves

Front 24

cranial thoracic mamma are innervated by the ______

Back 24

4, 5, and 6 ventral and lateral cutaneous branches of vessels and nerves

Front 25

the caudal thoracic mamma are innervated by the ______

Back 25

6 and 7 cutaneous branches and branches of cranial superficial epigastric vessels

Front 26

external jugular vein functions

Back 26

main channel for return of venous blood from the head

Front 27

the external jugular vein forms from the ______

Back 27

linguofacial and maxillary veins

Front 28

the external juluar vein runs ______ to the sternocephalicus and ______ to the brachiocephalicus

Back 28

superficial and deep

Front 29

the external jugular vein receives the ______ veins

Back 29

omobrachial, cephalic, and superficial cervical

Front 30

the external jugular meets the ______ vein to form the ______ vein

Back 30

the subclavian; the brachiocephalic

Front 31

the linguofacial vein feeds into the ______

Back 31

external jugular vein

Front 32

the linguofacial vein forms by the joining of the ______

Back 32

lingual vein and the facial vein

Front 33

the maxillary vein feeds into the ______

Back 33

external jugular vein

Front 34

the maxillary facial vein runs lateral to the ______

Back 34

linguofacial vein

Front 35

the linguofacial vein drains from the ______

Back 35

tongue, larynx, and part of pharynx

Front 36

the maxillary vein drains the ______

Back 36

ear, orbit, palate, nasal cavity, cheek, mandible, and cranial cavity

Front 37

the lateral thoracic vein is a branch of the ______ vein

Back 37

axillary

Front 38

the lateral thoracic vein emerges from the axilla between the ______ and ______ mm.

Back 38

latissimus dorsi and deep pectoral

Front 39

the lateral thoracic vein runs caudally across the lateral surface of the ______ and on the dorsal border of the ______

Back 39

axillary lymph node; deep pectoral m.

Front 40

the lateral thoracic vein drains from the ______

Back 40

latissimus dorsi, deep pectoral, cutaneous trunci, and thoracic mammae

Front 41

the axillary vein forms from the joining of the ______ veins

Back 41

axillobrachial subscapular and lateral thoracic

Front 42

the axillary vein joins with the ______ to form the ______

Back 42

brachial vein to form subclavian vein

Front 43

the subclavian vein forms from the joining of ______

Back 43

axillary and brachial v.

Front 44

the brachiocephalic v. forms from the joining of ______

Back 44

the subclavian and external jugular v.

Front 45

the accessory n. is the C______

Back 45

CXI

Front 46

the accessory n. runs deep to ______

Back 46

the cranial part of the sternocephalicus and cervical part of the brachiocephalicus

Front 47

the accessory n. runs transversely between ______

Back 47

trapezius and brachiocephalicus

Front 48

the accessory n. innervates

Back 48

omotransversarius, sternocephalicus, brachiocephalicus, and trapezius

Front 49

if this n. were damaged....

Back 49

the trapezius would lose sole nerve supply

Front 50

where is the normal location and drainage area of the superficial cervical lymph node

Back 50

lies in areolar tissue cranial to the shoulder, deep to the omotransversarius and brachiocephalicus; drains superficial neck structures, part of head, and most of thoracic limb

Front 51

where is the normal location and drainage areas of the axillary lymph node

Back 51

lies dorsal to the deep pectoral and caudal to the axillary vein from the arm; drains the deep structures of the thoracic wall, thoracic mammae, and cranial abdominal mammae

Front 52

where is the normal location and drainage areas of the tracheobronchial lymph node

Back 52

located at the bifurcation of the trachea; drains from the thoracic viscera and lung (has 2 lymph nodes lying on the lateral side of the respective bronchus)

Front 53

where is the thymus normally located?

Back 53

in the cranial mediastinum on the cranial surface of pericardium; in the cranial ventral part of the cavity

Front 54

where is the tracheobronchial lymph node normall located

Back 54

at the bifurcation of the trachea

Front 55

the heart is covered by the ______

Back 55

pericardial mediastinal pleura, fibrous pericardium, parietal pericardium, and visceral pericardium

Front 56

lobes of the right lung

Back 56

cranial, middle, caudal, and accessory

Front 57

lobes of the left lung

Back 57

cranial and caudal (cranial has cranial and caudal)

Front 58

the lungs are covered by______

Back 58

pulmonary pleura, mediastinal parietal pleura and pulmonary pleura at the level of the root of lung

Front 59

the ______ attaches the caudal lobe of each lung to the mediastinum at the level of the esophagus

Back 59

pulmonary ligament

Front 60

the trachea branches into 2 principal bronchi at the ______

Back 60

carina

Front 61

______ branch toward each of 7 total lobes

Back 61

lobar bronchi

Front 62

the pulmonary trunk supplies blood from the ______ to ______

Back 62

the right ventricle to the root of each lung

Front 63

the single pulmonary vein from each lobe drains directly into ______

Back 63

the left atrium

Front 64

major nerves of the thoracic cavity

Back 64

phrenic nerve and vagus nerve

Front 65

where is the best location for cardiac puncture?

Back 65

the cardiac notch of the right lung = apex of notch at the fissure between the cranial and middle lobes of the right lung; at the 4th and 5th intercostal spaces

Front 66

the external jugular vein returns venous blood from the ______

Back 66

head - ear, orbit, palate, nasal cavity, cheek, mandible, cranial cavity, tongue, larynx, and part of pharyns

Front 67

subclavian vein collects blood from the ______

Back 67

thoracic limb

Front 68

the right brachiocephalic v. returns blood from the ______

Back 68

right side of the head, neck, and thoracic limb

Front 69

the left brachiocephalic v. returns blood from the ______

Back 69

left side of the head, neck, and thoracic limb

Front 70

the azygos vein collects blood from ______

Back 70

all dorsal intercostal veins on each side until the 3/4 intercostal space

Front 71

during a thoracotomy, what area should you avoid and why?

Back 71

avoid the caudal border of the rib (or the cranial portion of the intercostal space)

Front 72

differentiate thorax vs. thoracic cavity

Back 72

thorax = body region contained by the 13 thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and sternum
thoracic cavity = walls formed by muscles, bones, and ligaments of the thoracic wall; bounded by suserous endothoracic fascia

Front 73

the diaphragm is ______ cranially

Back 73

convex

Front 74

differentiate thoracic cavity from pleural cavity

Back 74

pleural cavity = potential cavity space surrounding each lung
thoracic cavity = walls formed by muscles, bones, and ligaments of the thoracic wall; lungs are in the thoracic cavity and not the pleural cavity
-pleural cavities are within the thoracic cavity and don't contain any organs or structures

Front 75

serous membranes found lining all 3 body cavities

Back 75

thoracic = pleura
abdominal and pelvic = peritoneum

Front 76

serous membrane consistency

Back 76

thin epithelial membrane (mesothelium)

Front 77

serous membrane functions

Back 77

act to allow a smooth gliding action of opposing layers

Front 78

visceral pleura

Back 78

covers the surfaces of lungs, following irregularities and fissues between lobes

Front 79

parietal pleural regional divisions

Back 79

costal, mediastinal, and diaphragmatic

Front 80

costal pleura

Back 80

covers inner surfaces of ribs and associated intercostal, transversus thoracic, and aorta

Front 81

mediastinal pleura

Back 81

covers sides of mediastinum partition between the 2 pleura cavities; has 4 divisions (ventral, cranial, middle/pericardial, and caudal)

Front 82

diaphragmatic pleura

Back 82

covers cranial surface of diaphragm

Front 83

pulmonary ligament

Back 83

extends between caudal lobe of lung and mediastinum

Front 84

plica venae cavae

Back 84

thin, loose fold of pleura surrounding the caudal vena cava

Front 85

muscles involved in inspiration

Back 85

(active process only) diaphragm, scalenus, serratus dorsalis cranialis, internal and external intercostal

Front 86

muscles involved in expiration

Back 86

(can be active or passive processes) abdominal wall muscles and external abdominal oblique is major contributer

Front 87

the mediastinum contains the organs of the ______

Back 87

thoracic cavity (except the lungs)

Front 88

pneumothorax

Back 88

air in the thoracic cavity

Front 89

structure of the mediastinum determines ______

Back 89

continuity of pleural cavities

Front 90

pleural effusion

Back 90

collection of abnormal fluid in the pleural cavities

Front 91

hydrothorax

Back 91

accumulation of edema (congestive heart failure)

Front 92

hemothorax

Back 92

accumulation of blood (trauma, tumor)

Front 93

pyothorax

Back 93

accumulation of pus (infection)

Front 94

chylothorax

Back 94

accumulation of chyle fluid (damage of the thoracic duct)

Front 95

ganglia

Back 95

collection of neural cell bodies in PNS

Front 96

nuclei

Back 96

collection of neuronal cell bodies in CNS

Front 97

somatic afferent

Back 97

innervate cutaneous surface body body, striated m, tendons, joints, eye, and inner ear

Front 98

visceral afferent

Back 98

innervate mucosal surfaces and wall of all tubular visceral organs, exocrine glands, and specialized vascular structures

Front 99

somatic efferent

Back 99

supply skeletal m.

Front 100

visceral efferent

Back 100

supply involuntary smooth m. of viscera, blood vessels, cardiac m., and glands

Front 101

afferent ganglia are collections of cell bodies of _____ neurons

Back 101

pseudounipolar or bipolar

Front 102

efferent ganglia are _____ or _____ neurons

Back 102

postganglionic sympathetic or parasympathetic

Front 103

the autonomic nervous system innervates _____

Back 103

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

Front 104

the somatic nervous sytem innervates _____

Back 104

skeletal muscle

Front 105

the autonomic nervous system contains portions of _____ and _____ nervous systems

Back 105

central and peripheral

Front 106

the autonomic nervous system contains 2 _____ neurons in its chain

Back 106

preganglionic and postganglionic

Front 107

preganglionic neuron cell bodies are found in _____

Back 107

spinal cord gray matter

Front 108

preganglionic fibers are _____

Back 108

myelinated

Front 109

postganglionic neuron cell bodies are found in _____

Back 109

autonomic ganglia

Front 110

postganglionic fibers are _____

Back 110

nonmyelinated

Front 111

autonomic ganglia classifications

Back 111

vertebral, collateral, and temrinal ganglia

Front 112

vertebral ganglia

Back 112

segmentally distributed along paired sympathetic chains on ventral sides of rib heads

Front 113

collateral ganglia

Back 113

found peripherally and in the abdominal cavity; sometimes related to large arteries

Front 114

terminal ganglia

Back 114

located in various body organs; usually small

Front 115

2 divisions of the visceral efferent system

Back 115

sympathetic or parasympathetic

Front 116

sympathetic division releases _____ as neurotransmitter at postganglionic

Back 116

norepinephrine

Front 117

sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies are normally found _____

Back 117

in the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord (T1-L5)

Front 118

the sympathetic postganglionic cell bodies are found _____

Back 118

in ganglia a short distance away from the spinal cord

Front 119

the parasympathetic division usually releases _____ as the neurotransmitter at postganglionic

Back 119

ACh

Front 120

parasympathetic preganglionic cell bodies are located _____

Back 120

in the craniosacral portion of the spinal cord

Front 121

only rami communicans of T1-L5 contain...

Back 121

preganglionic axons

Front 122

layers on the heart

Back 122

visceral pericardium, pericardial cavity, parietal pericardium, fibrous pericardium, and pericardial mediastinal pleura