Anatomy Exam 2

Front 1

though it's more clinically relevant to divide the abdomen up into quadrants (i.e. upperand lower/ left/right, most often people divide it into nine regions, what are they from upper left going across

Back 1

hypochondriac on the top sides, epigastric in the middle (on top of stomach)
middle row: lumbar on sides and umblical in the miccle
bottom: inguinal (or iliac) on sides and hypogastric in middle

Front 2

right hypochandriac reg. is filled by

Back 2

liver it's upper right

Front 3

left hypochondriac reg is filled by

Back 3

fundus of the stomach and spleen

Front 4

epigastric region is filled by

Back 4

portions of the stomach liver and pancreas - middle top

Front 5

right lumbar region is filled by

Back 5

ascending colon

Front 6

left lumbar is filled by

Back 6

descending colon- it's middle row side

Front 7

umbilical region is filled by

Back 7

small intestine- very middle

Front 8

the right inguinal division of the abdomen is filled by

Back 8

cecum, vermiform appendix- lower side

Front 9

the left inguinal division of the stomach is filled by

Back 9

sigmoid colon- lower side

Front 10

the hypogastric region of the abdomen is filled by

Back 10

small intestine, urinary bladder uterus and ovaries (females)

Front 11

what are the three planes that divide the abdomen in the more commonly used division system and wheredo they go through

Back 11

1. midclavicular planes= mid point of clavicle through costochandral joint of the 9th rib to the midlinguinal point
2.transpyloric (subcostal) plane- passes through the lower body of L1 and the bottom of the costal margin
3.transtrubercular plane- passes from tubercle to tubercle of the iliac crest through body of L4

Front 12

cutaneous innervation of the abdomen is primarily supplied by what

Back 12

the continuations of intercostal nerves

Front 13

what are these three important dermatomal levels adssd with?
T10
T12
L1

Back 13

T10=umbilicus
T12=sup to pubis, inguinal reg
L1=superficial to pubis, inguinal canal

Front 14

what are the two layers of superficial fascia, their nicknames, what they're made of and where are they at

Back 14

1. superficial superficial layer, aka. campers fascia=fatty layer, continues over the perineum as the superficial perineal fascia and over the thigh as the superficial fascia of the thigh
deep layer aka Scarpa's fascia of the superficial fascia= membranous layer, continuous with the colle's fascia of the perineum and attaches to the fascia lata of the thigh, continuous with the tunica dartos in the scrotum

Front 15

which layer is nicknamed camper's fascia

Back 15

the superficial layer of the superficial fascia

Front 16

scarpa's fascia

Back 16

the deep layer of the superficial fascia

Front 17

covers the muscles and is continuous with the external spermatic fascia

Back 17

what is the deep fascia

Front 18

what are the anterior wall muscles general function though it is somehwat controversial

Back 18

all have a role in compressing the abdomen (protection) and in forced breathing, they may have additional roles in rotating or felxing the trunk, which are implied actions from their attachments but are not well supported in electromyographic ovservations

Front 19

what are the 5 anterior wall muscles

Back 19

internal and external abdominal obliques, transversus abdominus, rectus abdominus and pyramindalis (variably present)

Front 20

which of the anterior wall muscles is variably present

Back 20

pyramindalis

Front 21

if somebody has a scar on their abdomen from previous suregery where is it most likely to be located

Back 21

on the linea alba

Front 22

what does the esternal and internal oblique interdigitate/interlock with (which muscle)

Back 22

serratus anterior

Front 23

which of the abdominal muscles externd around the back

Back 23

not a single one!

Front 24

what innervates all of the abdominal muscles

Back 24

the lower six intercostal nerves

Front 25

what plane lies between the internal abdominal oblique and the transversus abdominis

Back 25

neurovascular plane

Front 26

the rectus abdominis is two parallel muscle bundles enclosed within what

Back 26

the rectus sheath

Front 27

what is the rectus abdominis a homologous extension to

Back 27

the sternalis muscle

Front 28

what divides the rectus abdominis horizontally and how many are there around

Back 28

the tendinous intersections usually 3-4

Front 29

the rectus sheath is formed by the fusion of what

Back 29

the aponeuroses of external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique and transversus abdominus

Front 30

what does the rectus sheath enclose

Back 30

the rectus abdominus and the epigastric blood vessels

Front 31

where do the two halves of tehr rectus sheath meet

Back 31

in the midline as the linea alba

Front 32

what is the linea alba

Back 32

it is a bloodless field, surgical incisions hereare safe for muscles, nerves and blood vessels

Front 33

what does the rectus sheath end with

Back 33

a curved line called the arcuate line about halfway bet the umbilicus and the pubic symphysis

Front 34

what is above the arcuate line (ant and post)

Back 34

anterior layer formed by the aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique and half of internal abdominal oblique.
posterior layer formed by the aponeurosis of transversus abdominus and half of the internal abdominal oblique

Front 35

what is below the arcuate line (ant and post)

Back 35

anterior layer is formed by all three muscles and the rectus abdominus is in direct contact with the fascia transversalis

Front 36

what is the lateral border of the rectus sheath

Back 36

linea semilunaris

Front 37

the end of the rectus sheath

Back 37

arcuate line aka linea semicircularis

Front 38

where does the inguinal ligament run, what is it made up from and what does it form the floor of

Back 38

it extends from the atnerior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle, made from the fused inferior borders of the external and internal abdominal oblique muscles. it forms teh floor (inferior wall) of the inguinal canal

Front 39

which tendon is formed by the fusion of the internal abdominal oblique and transversus abdominus

Back 39

balx inguinalis (conjoint tendon)

Front 40

what does the falx inguinalis (conjoint tendon) reinforce ( a region) and where does it extend through and as what

Back 40

it reinforces the hypogastric region and extends through the spermatic cord as the cremasteric layer

Front 41

what is the expansion of the inguinal lig to the pectineal line of the pubis

Back 41

lacunar ligament

Front 42

what extednds laterally from the lacunar lig along the pectineal line of the pubis

Back 42

pectineal line

Front 43

what lies deep to the deep fasica and superficial to the peritoneum , is continuous with the thoracolumbar fascia and the investing fascia of the diaphragm?

Back 43

the fascia transversalis

Front 44

what is the fascia transversalis homoglogous to?

Back 44

the endothoracic fascia of the thorax

Front 45

where are the umbilical folds located

Back 45

on the inside surave of the anterior abdominal wall

Front 46

what are the 5 umbilical foldds? (3 names)

Back 46

median umbilical fold, medial and lateral

Front 47

what are umbilical folds

Back 47

raised ridges of peritoneum created by structures that lay bet. the peritoneum and the fascia transversalis

Front 48

what is the median umbilical fold raised by, devpt remnant of and what does it connect?

Back 48

it's raised by the median umbilical lig.
dvpt remannt of the urachus
connex the umbilicus to the central superior aspect of the urinary bladder ( some ppl's who didn't close pee out of their belly buttons)

Front 49

what are the mediaL umbilical folds raised by, devpt remnant of and what does it connect?

Back 49

raised by the medial umbilical ligaments, devpt remnants of the umbilical Arteries, the ligament is sometimes called the obliterated umbilical artery.
connects the umbilicus to the superior lateral aspect of the urinary bladder

Front 50

what is the lateral umbilical fold raised by, and where does it pass in relation to the midpoint of the inguinal canal

Back 50

raised by the inferior epigastric areteray and vein, not well defined in the cadaver, pulsing blood makes it more apparent in the living, it passes superficial to the midpoint of the inguinal canal

Front 51

what are the boundaries to the inguinal region/ the hesselbach's triangle

Back 51

inguinal ligament
inferior epigastric vessels
linea semilunaris
* it's an area of weakness in the abdominal wall producing hernias

Front 52

what are hernias

Back 52

content of one region of the body abnormall protrudes into another, frequently with negative consequences

Front 53

what are the three types of inguinal hernias

Back 53

direct, indirect and femoral

Front 54

which inguinal hernia is the most common in both sexes

Back 54

direct inguinal hernia

Front 55

which inguinal hernia is more common in females

Back 55

femoral hernia

Front 56

where is the protrusion in the direct inguinal hernia

Back 56

DIRECTLY through the anterior abdominal wall in the area of the superficial inguinal ring

Front 57

where is the proturusino of the indirect inguinal hernia

Back 57

it follows the course of the inguinal canal

Front 58

which inguinal hernia is assd with congenital hernias

Back 58

indirect inguinal hernia

Front 59

which inguinal hernia is not really an inguinal hernia but close by and conventionally included

Back 59

femoral hernia

Front 60

where is the protrusion through with the femoral hernia

Back 60

through the femoral canal

Front 61

around how long is the inguinal canal

Back 61

about an inch -or 3 cm

Front 62

what is the inguinal canal located superior of

Back 62

inguinal ligament

Front 63

what does the inguinal canal serve as a passage way for ***important

Back 63

the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
-the round ligament of the uterus in F's
-the conents of the spermatic cord (M's)
-Ilioinguinal Nerve, which joins the canal at about the midpoint

Front 64

are the inguinal rings really holes

Back 64

not really, they are out pocketing extensions of teh anterior abdominal wall

Front 65

what is teh deep inguinal ring vs. the superficial inguinal ring extensions of

Back 65

deep= extension of the peritoneal cavity into the fascia trasnversalis
sup=extension of the aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique

Front 66

what are the ant/post/sup and inferior walls of the inguinal canal formed by

Back 66

ant=aponeuroses of the internal and external oblique muscles
post=aponeurosis of the ransversus abdominus and the transversalis fascia
superior wall= arching fibers of theinternal abdominal oblique and the trasnversus abdominus muscles (conjoint tendon)
inferior wall=inguinal and lacunar ligaments

Front 67

WHERE DOES THE SPERmatic cord begin

Back 67

starts at the superficial inguinal ring

Front 68

what does the spermatic cord contain and transmit- 7 things

Back 68

ductus deferens - not vas
testicular artery
pampiniform plexus of veins
genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
testicular sympathetic plexus
lymph vessels
processes vaginalis- only in males!- extension of the peritoneal cavity

Front 69

where is the processes vaginalis found

Back 69

in the spermatic cord of males! it's an extension of the peritoneal cavity

Front 70

the testis pick up coverings as the descend but what is it that guides the descen tof the testis

Back 70

the gubernaculum- a muscular ligament

Front 71

during the descent of the testis what is the first second and third layer encountered and what does each turn into/ become

Back 71

first= fascia transversalis which becomes the internal spermatic fascia
2nd=conjoint tendon which beomes the cremaster layer
3rd= aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique becomes the external spermatic fascia

Front 72

what are the two coverings of the testis

Back 72

processus vaginalis (usually closes at birth) and tunica vaginalis

Front 73

what is the processus vaginalis an extension of

Back 73

peritoneum

Front 74

what may happen if the processus vaginalis testi covering doesn't close at birht

Back 74

may result in a congenital inguianl hernia or cause hydrocele

Front 75

what is the normal open space around the testis and epididymis which is the extension of the processes vaginalis and what are it's two layers

Back 75

tunica vaginalis- like all coelomic linings it can be divided into visceral and parietal layers

Front 76

what innervates the testis

Back 76

T10 and T11 spinal levels

Front 77

what does the ductus deferens do

Back 77

transmits mature spermatozoa

Front 78

what is the epididymis

Back 78

a coiled tube ~ 20 ft long, site of sperm maturation (spermiogenesis) connected to the testis via rete testis, continuous with the ductus deferens

Front 79

the labia majora is developmentally the same thing as what in males

Back 79

the scrotum

Front 80

which layer creates the septum of the scrotum

Back 80

dartos layer

Front 81

what is the point of the scrotum

Back 81

provide cooler temp for spermatogenesis to happen

Front 82

is there fat in the superficial fascia

Back 82

no

Front 83

what muscle changes SA of the scrotum to regulate temp

Back 83

dartos muscle

Front 84

what anchors the testis to the bottom of the scrotum

Back 84

the gubernaculum testis

Front 85

which muscle elevates the testis for temp regulation and as part of the flight/fight response

Back 85

the cremaster muscle

Front 86

dvpt equiv of the scrotum

Back 86

labia majora

Front 87

though labia majora and scrotum are dvpt equivalents, whats a main way in which they are diff

Back 87

labia majora and mons pubis are assd with more fat than would typically be seen in the equiv male structures

Front 88

is there anything cremasteric in the F, if so where

Back 88

yes the round ligament is covered bya cremasteric layer which may contain muscle fibers

Front 89

what anchors the round ligament of the uterus

Back 89

the labia majora

Front 90

what is the round ligament of the uterus derived from

Back 90

the female gubernaculum

Front 91

are the labia majora extensions of the anterior abdominal wall the same as in males

Back 91

yes they just aren't referred to as spermatic in the female