Anatomy Exam 1 Review

Front 1

Chemical Level (Atoms - Molecules)

Cellular Level (Cell - Organelle)

Tissue Level

Organ Level

Organ System Level

Organismal Level

Back 1

Organizational Level

Front 2

Atoms, Molecules

(Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, Nucleic Acids, ATP)

Back 2

Examples of Chemical Level

Front 3

Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes

Back 3

Examples of Cell Level

Front 4

Endomembranous (Nucelus, ER, golgi, lysosome, peroxisome, mitochondria)
Non Membranous (Cytoskeleton, ribosome, centriole, nucleolus)

Back 4

Example of Organelle Level

Front 5

Epithelium (Simple, Stratified, Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar, Gland)
Connective (Dense, Loose, Cartilage, Osseous, Blood)

Muscle

Nerve

Back 5

Example of Tissue Level

Front 6

Liver, brain, blood vessel, stomach

Back 6

Example of Organ Level

Front 7

Cardiovascular

Integumentary

Skeletal

Muscular

Nervous

Endocrine

Lymphatic

Respiratory

Digestive

Urinary

Reproductive

CDEILMNRRSU

Back 7

Example Organ System Level (11)

Front 8

Integumentary System Function

Back 8

Function: Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesized vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands.

Front 9

Hair, Skin, Nails

Back 9

Major Organs of the Integumentary System

Front 10

Skeletal System Function

Back 10

Function: Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals.

Front 11

Joint, Bones

Back 11

Major organs within Skeletal System

Front 12

Muscular System Function

Back 12

Function: Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.

Front 13

Skeletal muscles

Back 13

Major organs of the muscular system

Front 14

Lymphatic System/Immunity Functions

Back 14

Function: Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body

Front 15

red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes

Back 15

Major organs of the lymphatic/immunity system

Front 16

Respiratory System Function

Back 16

Functions: Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lung.

Front 17

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lung, bronchus

Back 17

Major organs within the respiratory system

Front 18

Digestive System Functions:

Back 18

Functions: Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for the distribution to the body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.

Front 19

Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, liver, small and large intestine, rectum, anus

Back 19

Major organs of the digestive system

Front 20

Nervous system functions

Back 20

Function: as the fast acting control system of the body, responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.

Front 21

Brain, spinal cord, nerves

Back 21

Major organs of the nervous system

Front 22

Endocrine system function

Back 22

Function: Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

Front 23

Thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, pineal gland, pituitary gland, ovary, testis

Back 23

Major organs of the endocrine system

Front 24

Cardiovascular system function

Back 24

Function: Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.

Front 25

Heart, blood vessels

Back 25

Major organs of the cardiovascular system

Front 26

Urinary system functions

Back 26

Function: Eliminate nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid base balance of the blood.

Front 27

Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

Back 27

Major organs of the urinary system

Front 28

Reproductive System functions

Back 28

Function: Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.

Front 29

Prostate, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens

Mammary glands, ovary, uterine tube, uterus, vagina

Back 29

Major organs of the reproductive system

Front 30

Body is erect with feet slightly apart, palms face forward and thumbs point away from the body.

Back 30

Describe anatomical position

Front 31

serosa/ serous membrane

Back 31

Walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains are covered by this thin, double-layered membrane:

Front 32

parietal serosa

Back 32

Part of the membrane lining the cavity walls

Front 33

Visceral serosa

Back 33

The part of the membrane folding on itself to cover the organs of the cavity

Front 34

Ipsilateral

Back 34

On the same side, as opposed to contralateral. For example, a tumor involving the right side of the brain may affect vision '__________' that is, in the right eye.

Front 35

Contralateral

Back 35

Of or pertaining to the other side. The opposite of iposilateral (the same side). For example, a stroke involving the right side of the brain may cause _____________ paralysis of the left leg.

Front 36

Bilateral

Back 36

Relating to both the right and the left side of the body or of a body structure

Front 37

Polar. Thus it dissolves in water.

Back 37

Is the biological compound carbohydrate polar or non polar?

Front 38

Non polar. Thus it is insoluble in water.

Back 38

Is the biological compound fats polar or non polar?

Front 39

The structure of an amino acid (the monomer of proteins) can contain both polar and non polar areas (hydrophillic and hydrophobic) so it would depend on the protein whether it dissolves in water.

Back 39

Is the biological compound protein polar or non polar?

Front 40

Dehydration Synthesis

Back 40

When monomers are joined together to form polymers and a water molecule is released.

Front 41

Dehydration Synthesis

Back 41

Hydrogen atom is removed from one monomer and a hydroxyl group is removed from the monomer it is to be joined with. As a covalent bond unites the monomers, a water molecule is released.

Front 42

Hydrolysis

Back 42

When molecules are degraded.A water molecule is added to each bond to be broken down, thereby releasing its building blocks or smaller molecules.

Front 43

Dehydration Synthesis Example

Back 43

Glucose+Fructose => Sucrose

Front 44

Glucose

Fructose

Galactose

Back 44

Hexose sugars (Monosaccharides) 3 types

Front 45

Deoxyribose

Ribose

Back 45

Pentose sugars (Monosaccharides) 2 types (Hint: DNA & RNA)

Front 46

Sucrose

Maltose

Lactose

Back 46

Disaccharides Examples (3 Types)

Front 47

Glycogen (Stored in animals)

Starch (Stored in plants)

Back 47

Polysaccharide Examples (2 Types)

Front 48

True

Back 48

Polysaccharides are large, insoluble molecules. True or False

Front 49

True

Back 49

Large insoluble molecules make ideal storage products. True or False.

Front 50

Carbohydrate Function

Back 50

Function: Major function in the body is to provide a ready, easily used source of cellular fuel. (Organic Compound)

Front 51

Triglycerides

Phospholipids

Steroids

Back 51

Types of Lipids (3)

Front 52

Glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains

Back 52

Composition of a Triglyceride

Front 53

Phosphorus containing group (polar "head") + Glycerol backbone + 2 fatty acid chains (nonpolar "tail")

Back 53

Structure of Phospholipid

Front 54

Four interlocking hydrocarbon rings form a steroid

Back 54

Structure of steroid

Front 55

Cholesterol

Back 55

What is the basis for all steroids formed in the body?

Front 56

Lipid Functions

Back 56

Function: Insulate body organs, build cell membranes, provide stored energy

Front 57

Saturated

Back 57

Fatty acid chains with only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms is referred to as _____ fats.

- Solid at room temperature

- Ex: Animal Fats

Front 58

Unsaturated

Back 58

Fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms are referred to as _____________ fats.

- The double bonds cause 'kinks' so they cannot pack close enough to solidify.

- Liquid at room temperature

- Ex: Olive oil

- More heart healthy

Front 59

Trans Fat

Back 59

Oils that have been solidified by addition of H atoms at sites of carbon double bonds.
- Increase the risk of heart disease even more than solid animal fats.

Front 60

Phospholipids

Back 60

Modified triglycerides.

- Diglycerides (2 fatty acid chains with glycerol backbone) with a phosphorus containing group

- Phosphorus hydrophillic head

- Fatty acid hydrophobic tail

Front 61

Triglyceride Functions

Back 61

Function: Fat deposits (in subcutaneous tissue and around organs) protect and insulate body organs, are the major source of stored energy in the body

Front 62

Phospholipid Functions

Back 62

Function: Chief components of cell membrane. Participate in transport of lipids in plasma. Prevalent in nervous tissue.

Front 63

Steroids

Back 63

Made up of 4 interlocking hydrocarbon rings

Fat soluble and contain little oxygen

Front 64

Cholesterol

Back 64

Structural basis for manufacture of all body steroids.

A Component of cell membrane.

Front 65

Cholesterol

Sex hormones

Back 65

Types of steroids (2 types)

Front 66

- Basic group called amine group

- Organic acid group

- Variable 'R' Group

Back 66

Structure of amino acid

Front 67

Protein

Back 67

Long chains of amino acids joined together by dehydration synthesis

- More than 50 amino acids)

Front 68

Peptide Bond

Back 68

The bond amino acids form with other amino acids from amine group to acid group.

Front 69

Polypeptide

Back 69

10 or more amino acids

Front 70

Macromolecules

Back 70

Large complex molecules

Ex: Most proteins are _________ because they contain from 100 to over 10,000 amino acids

Front 71

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Quaternery

Back 71

Four structural levels of proteins

Front 72

Linear strand of amino acid "beads" is the backbone of the protein molecule

Back 72

Primary Structure (Protein)

Front 73

Alpha helix (like a slinky or coiled spring) or beta pleated sheets

Back 73

Secondary Structure (Protein)

Front 74

When a helical or b pleated regions fold upon one another to produce compact globular molecule

Back 74

Tertiary Structure (Protein)

Front 75

When two or more polypeptide chains aggregate to form a complex protein

Back 75

Quaternary Structure (Protein)

Front 76

Releases hydrogen ions. Proton donors.

Back 76

Acid

Front 77

Take up hydrogen ions. Proton acceptors.

Back 77

Bases

Front 78

Bicarbonate/carbonic buffer system

Back 78

- Helps to maintain blood pH homeostasis

- Chemical equilibrium between carbonic acid and bicarbonate ion resist change in blood pH by shifting left and right as H+ ions are added/removed from blood.

Front 79

Bicarbonate ions bind with protons

Back 79

When body becomes too acidic (drop in pH)

Front 80

Carbonic acid dissociates

Back 80

When body becomes too basic (rise in pH)

Front 81

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Back 81

What elements are found in fatty acid chains?

Front 82

Carbon

Hydrogen

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Sulfur

Back 82

What elements are found in amino acids?

Front 83

Transport

Defense

Regulation

Structure

Back 83

Functions of proteins

Front 84

Denaturation

Back 84

When a protein's original shape is changed...

Hydrogen bonds begin to break in extreme pH and temperature conditions.

Front 85

Globular proteins that act as biological catalysts

Back 85

Enzyme

Front 86

Catalysts

Back 86

Substances that regulate and accelerate the rate of biochemical reactions but are not used up or changed in those reactions

Front 87

Nucleus

Back 87

Where in the cell is DNA located?

Front 88

Phosphate group + sugar molecule (deoxyribose) + Nitrogenous bae

Back 88

Basic structure of nucleic acid

Front 89

carries the genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three-basecode codon “words,” each of which specifies a particular amino acid.

Back 89

Function of mRNA

Front 90

ATP

Back 90

Primary energy transferring molecule in cells and it provides a form of energy that is immediately usable

Front 91

ATP + H2O <=> ADP + P + Energy

Back 91

hydrolysis and dehydration to form ATP

Front 92

Released

Back 92

Is energy released or required when ATP is broken down?

Front 93

Thoracic and Abdominopelvic

Back 93

Two parts of ventral cavity

Front 94

Cranial and Vertebral

Back 94

Two parts of Dorsal Cavity

Front 95

Heart and lungs

Back 95

2 Organs Thoracic cavity contains

Front 96

Spinal cord

Back 96

Organ the Vertebral cavity contains

Front 97

Brain

Back 97

Organ the cranial cavity contains

Front 98

Urinary bladdar, reproductive organs and rectum

Back 98

Organs contained in the pelvic cavity

Front 99

Homeostasis

Back 99

Ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously

Front 100

Negative Feedback Mechanism

Back 100

Output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity.

Cause the variable to change in a direction opposite to that of the initial change, returning it to its ideal value.

Ex: Regulate heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, temperature

Front 101

Negative Feedback

Back 101

How does the body maintain homeostasis of temperature

Front 102

Positive feedback mechanisms

Back 102

Result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated. The change that results proceeds in the same direction as the initial change causing the variable to deviate further and further from its original value or range.

Ex: Labor contractions, blood clotting

Front 103

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system

Back 103

How does the body maintain homeostasis of blood pH?

H2CO3 <=> HCO3- + H+

Front 104

Organelles with a definite boundary created by a membrane are called membranous organelles: Nucleus, Golgi Apparatus, mitochondria, Lysosomes, ER, vacuoles, vesicles, and plastids are the main ones.
Non-membranous organelles are: microvilli, ribosomes, centrioles, parts of the cytoskeleton (microtubules etc), are the main ones.

Back 104

What is the difference between a membranous and non-membranous organelle?

Front 105

Organelles: cytosol (Intracellular fluid), organelles, and inclusions

Back 105

What do you find in cytoplasm? (Ions, organelles)

Front 106

Ions: potassium,sodium,bicarbonate,chloride,calcium,magnesiumamino acids

Back 106

What do you find in intracellular fluid(=Cytosol)? (Ions, organelles)

Front 107

Interstitial fluid, blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid

Back 107

What do you find in extracellular fluid?

Front 108

Lipids (Cholesterol, Phospholipids, Glycolipids), Carbohydrates, Proteins (Integral and Peripheral)

Back 108

Compounds of the cell membrane

Front 109

Regulation of membrane fluidity
Keeps membrane rigidity and structure

Back 109

Function of Lipids in Cell Membrane

Front 110

Aids membrane permeability, diffusion

Back 110

Function of Phospholipid (Bilayer) in Cell Membrane

Front 111

Function of Membrane Proteins

Back 111

Specialized membrane functions such as transport, receptors for signal transduction, attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix, enzymatic ability, intercellular joining, cell-cell joining

Front 112

Selectively mermeable

Back 112

Allows some substances to enter cells but undesirable substances are kept out. Valuable cell proteins and other necessary substances in the cell, but allows waste to exit

Front 113

Types of compounds that move easily across cell membrane

Back 113

Lipid soluble, small solutes, or assisted by a carrier molecule

Front 114

Structural characteristic of nuclear membrane

Back 114

Nuclear pores, double phospholipid bilayer

Front 115

Structural characteristic of mitochondria

Back 115

dual-membrane. folded inner membrane plays a key role in the production of energy.

Front 116

Homologous chromosome

Back 116

similiar but not identical. Each carries the same genes in the same order, but the alleles for each trait may not be the same