Anatomy Chapter I

Front 1

Human Anatomy

Back 1

The study of structures

Front 2

Human Physiology

Back 2

The study of functions

Front 3

Gross Anatomy

Back 3

Structures visible with the naked eye. Studied with cadavers (dead bodies) or corps.

Front 4

Morphology

Back 4

Study of forms and shapes. Can refer to whole organisms or cells.

Front 5

Regional Anatomy

Back 5

Confined to a body segment (head, pelvis, and limbs)

Front 6

Systematic/ Stemic Anatomy

Back 6

Structures that are involved in a common function. Study by system.

Front 7

Development Anatomy

Back 7

Study of how humans develops from time of conception until aging process and death occurs.

Front 8

Comparative Anatomy

Back 8

Study of diffrent species.

Front 9

Neuroanatomy

Back 9

Study of the Nervous System

Front 10

Structural Levels

Back 10

1. Chemicals (Amino Acids, Glucose, DNA, and 99% H2O)

2. Organelles

3. Cells

4. Tissues (Histology)

5. Organ

6. Organ Systems

7. Organisms

Front 11

The Integument

Back 11

The surface of the body which consists of skin, hair and nails

Front 12

Skin

Back 12

Principal function is to prevent bodily invasion by harmful microorganisms. It also produces sweat and sebum (oil) that contain antimicrobial substances for further protection. Aids in temperature regulation and exertion.

Front 13

The Skeletal System

Back 13

Form a solid framework, consists of bones, cartilage, and ligaments, provides support and protection for the softer parts of the body, and provide points of attachment for muscles which act as levers when muscles contract (makes movement possible).

Front 14

The Muscle System

Back 14

Composed of muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Functions: Allow body movement, posture and produces body heat

Front 15

Tendons attatch

Back 15

muscle to bone and ligaments

Front 16

Ligaments attatch

Back 16

muscle to mucle

Front 17

The Nervous System

Back 17

(Most important) Composed of the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Functions: Regulates and coordinates all lifes activities.

Front 18

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Back 18

The brain and spinal cord

Front 19

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Back 19

Prephiral nerves and recepters

Front 20

Cardiovascular System or Circulatory System

Back 20

Composed of the heart (Myocardium) and blood vessels. Functions: transport minerals, waste products, and oxygen. Plays a role in the immune system and regulates body temperature.

Front 21

Myocardium

Back 21

Heart

Front 22

Myo

Back 22

Muscle

Front 23

Cardium

Back 23

Heart

Front 24

Largest artery

Back 24

Arota

Front 25

Largest veire

Back 25

Inferior Vena Cava

Front 26

The Lymphatic System

Back 26

Composed of Lymph vessels, and Lymph nodes. Functions: removing foreign substances from the blood.

Front 27

The Respetory System

Back 27

Composed of the lungs, respiratory passages, and alveoli (where gas exchange takes place). Function: the exchange of gases between the blood and air.

Front 28

The Digestive System

Back 28

Composed of the mouth esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines and rectum. Functions: perform both mechanical and chemical digestion, and elimination of wastes.

Front 29

Urinary System

Back 29

Composed of kidneys, ureters and urinary bladder, and urethra. Functions: excretion and removing cellular wastes. Regulates PH, ions, and water balance.

Front 30

Reproductive System

Back 30

Composed of gonads (testes and ovaries), accessory structures, and genitals. Functions: Perform the process of reproduction and to control sexual behaviors.

Front 31

Anatomical Position

Back 31

The body is erect or standing with the arms at the side and palms turned forward. The head and feet are also pointing forward.

Front 32

Trunk

Back 32

Subdivided into two pectoral, two groin, and the abdominal regions.

Front 33

Abdominal Regions

Back 33

(not covered by ribs) Anterior torso below the diaphragm.

Front 34

Caliac

Back 34

Area of the Abdomen

Front 35

Pelvic

Back 35

The lower portion of the torso (hip bone)

Front 36

Dorsum of trunk (posterior)

Back 36

Costal (ribs)

Front 37

Costal

Back 37

Ribs

Front 38

Lumbar (Loin)

Back 38

Area between the ribs and hips

Front 39

Lumbar

Back 39

Loin

Front 40

Buttocks

Back 40

Gluteal

Front 41

Perineal Area

Back 41

Between the anus and the genitals

Front 42

Flank

Back 42

Side of the trunk which adjoins the lumbar region

Front 43

Axilla

Back 43

Armpit area

Front 44

Brachium

Back 44

Upper arm

Front 45

Antebrachium

Back 45

Forearm (between the elbow and wrist)

Front 46

Cubital Area

Back 46

Elbow

Front 47

Antecubital

Back 47

The opposite side of the elbow

Front 48

Carpal

Back 48

The wrist

Front 49

Digital

Back 49

Fingers

Front 50

Palmar

Back 50

The palm of the hand

Front 51

Femur

Back 51

Thigh; the upper portion of the leg

Front 52

Calf

Back 52

Lower posterior fleshy portion

Front 53

Ham or Popliteal

Back 53

Between the thigh and calf on the posterior surface, opposite of the knee (hamstring)

Front 54

Popiteal

Back 54

Depression between the thigh and calf on the posterior surface.

Front 55

Plantar Surface

Back 55

Sole of the foot

Front 56

Crural

Back 56

The leg (between the knee and ankle)

Front 57

Pedal

Back 57

The foot

Front 58

Tarsal

Back 58

The ankle

Front 59

Volar

Back 59

Refers to the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.

Front 60

Frontal (Facial)

Back 60

Forehead

Front 61

Oral or Buccal Cavity

Back 61

Mouth

Front 62

Orbital or Ophthalmic

Back 62

Eyes

Front 63

Nasal

Back 63

Nose

Front 64

Vestubular

Back 64

Open area at base of nose

Front 65

Zygomatic

Back 65

The cheek

Front 66

Mastoid

Back 66

The area of the skull just below and behind the ears

Front 67

Occipital

Back 67

The back of the skull

Front 68

Temporal

Back 68

The side of the skull

Front 69

Cephalic

Back 69

The head

Front 70

Cranial

Back 70

The skull

Front 71

Cervical

Back 71

The neck

Front 72

Axial Skeleton

Back 72

1. Head

2. Neck

3. Trunk (Torso)

Front 73

Appendicular Skeleton

Back 73

1. Upper Extremities

2. Lower Extremities

Front 74

Abdominal Region

Back 74

1. Right Hypochondriac

2. Epigastric

3. Left Hypochondriac

4. Right Lumbar

5. Umbilical

6. Right Iliac

7. Left Lumbar

8. Hypogastric

9. Left Iliac

Front 75

Right Hypochondriac

Back 75

Right lobe of liver, gallblader

Front 76

Epigastric

Back 76

Right and left lobes of liver, large portion of the stomach

Front 77

Left Hypochondriac

Back 77

Small portion of the stomach, left colic (splenic) flexure of L.I

Front 78

Right Lumbar

Back 78

Ascending colon, the right colic (hepatic) flexure of the L.I and part of the S.I

Front 79

Umbilical

Back 79

Portion of transverse colon and S.I

Front 80

Right Iliac

Back 80

Appendix, cecum, parts of S.I

Front 81

Left Lumbar

Back 81

S.I and descending colon

Front 82

Hypogastric

Back 82

S.I and urinary bladder

Front 83

Left Iliac

Back 83

Descending colon, sigmoid colon, S.I

Front 84

Transpyloric Plane

Back 84

The upper horizontal plane which would pass though the lower portion of the stomach

Front 85

Transtubercular Plane

Back 85

The other horizontal plane which touches the top surfaces of the hipbones (iliac crests)

Front 86

Right and Left Lateral Planes

Back 86

Approximately halfway between the midsagittal line and the crests of the hips.

Front 87

The umbilical region lies

Back 87

in the center, includes the navel, and is bordered by the two horizontal and to vertical planes.

Front 88

The epigastric region lies

Back 88

immediately above the umbilical region and covers much of the stomach

Front 89

The hypogastric region lies

Back 89

below the umbilical zone (pubic area)

Front 90

The right and left hypochondriac zones lie

Back 90

on each side of the epigastric area

Front 91

The right and left lumbar areas lie

Back 91

beneath the hypochondriac areas (on each side of the umbilical zone)

Front 92

The right and left iliac areas lie

Back 92

on each side of the hypogastric area

Front 93

Pectoral or Mammary

Back 93

Upper chest

Front 94

Superior

Back 94

A structure that is located above another one

Front 95

Inferior

Back 95

Structure that is below or under another

Front 96

Anterior

Back 96

In front of

Front 97

Posterior

Back 97

In back of

Front 98

Dorsal

Back 98

Upper surfaces in fourlegged animals, back

Front 99

Ventral

Back 99

Underneath surfaces in fourlegged animals, pertains to abdominal and chest surfaces

Front 100

Proximal

Back 100

Nearest to the point of attachment

Front 101

Distal

Back 101

Most remote from the point of attachment

Front 102

Medial

Back 102

Those surfaces of structures that are closest to the median line

Front 103

Lateral

Back 103

Furthest away from the median line

Front 104

Median Line

Back 104

an imaginary line on a plane which divided the body into right and left halves

Front 105

Sagittal Sections

Back 105

A section divides the body into equal halves

Front 106

Frontal Section or Coronal Section

Back 106

Divides the body into front and back portions

Front 107

Transverse Sections or Cross Section

Back 107

Cuts through the body in a direction which is perpendicular to the long axis

Front 108

Dorsal Cavity

Back 108

Nearest to the dorsal surface, includes the cranial and spinal cavities

Front 109

Cranial Cavity

Back 109

The hollow portion of the skull that contains the brain

Front 110

Spinal Cavity

Back 110

A long tubular canal within the vertebrae which contains the spinal cord

Front 111

Ventral Cavity

Back 111

Largest cavity which encompasses the chest and abdominal regions.

Front 112

Diaphragm

Back 112

A dome-shaped thin muscle that separates the upper and lower portions of the ventral cavity

Front 113

Mediastinum

Back 113

Contains lungs, heart, trachea, esopagus, and thymus gland

Front 114

Pleural Cavities

Back 114

Contains lungs

Front 115

Pericardial Cavity

Back 115

Contains the heart

Front 116

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Back 116

Inferior to the diaphragm and consists of the abdominal and pelvic cavities

Front 117

Abdomibal Cavity

Back 117

Contains the stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, and intestines.

Front 118

Pelvic Cavity

Back 118

The most inferior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity which contains the urinary bladder, sigmoid colon, rectum, uterus, and ovaries.

Front 119

Serous Membranes

Back 119

Line body cavities to provide a smooth surface for the enclosed internal organs

Front 120

Serous Fluid

Back 120

Facilitate ease of movement of the viscera against the cavity walls

Front 121

Parietal Pleurae

Back 121

The membrane the line the walls of the right and lest thoracic compartments

Front 122

Pleural Cavity

Back 122

The potential cavity between the pariental and visceral (what the lungs are covered in) pleurae

Front 123

Visceral Pericardium or Epicardium

Back 123

Covers the heart

Front 124

Pariental Pericardium

Back 124

Surrounds the heart, double-layered fibroserous sac

Front 125

Pericardial Cavity

Back 125

The potential space between the visceral and parietal pericardia

Front 126

Peritoneum

Back 126

Most inferior boundary which extends across the abdominal cavity, covers the top portion of the urinary bladder

Front 127

Mesenteries

Back 127

Double layered folds in the peritoneum which extends from the body wall to the viscera, holding these organs in place.

Front 128

Parietal Peritoneum

Back 128

The part of the peritoneum attached to the body wall

Front 129

Visceral Peritoneum

Back 129

The peritoneum that covers the visceral surfaces

Front 130

Peritoneal Cavity

Back 130

The potential cavity between the parietal and visceral peritoneums.

Front 131

Retroperitoneal

Back 131

Posterior to the parietal peritoneum

Front 132

Homeostasis

Back 132

Stable equilibrium

Front 133

Negative Feedback

Back 133

Works to correct a deviation from a set point (Tries to get back to the set point/normal)

Front 134

Sweating

Back 134

Negative Feedback

Front 135

Positive Feedback

Back 135

Changes from the normal point and amplifies it.

Front 136

Milk production (as long as baby is nursing. milk will be produced UNTIL babies done)

Back 136

Positive Feedback