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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
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-cardiac
-smooth -skeletal |
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What is the sarcolemma?
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muscle plasma membrane
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What is the sarcoplasm?
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cytoplasm of a muscle cell
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What are characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue? (5)
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-attach to and cover bony skeleton
-has striations -controlled voluntarily -contracts rapidly, but tires easily -extremely adaptable |
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What are characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue? (4)
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-only in heart
-striated, but involuntary -neural controls allow the heart to override to respond to changes in bodily reads |
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What are characteristics of smooth muscle tissue? (5)
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-found in walls of hollow visceral organs, such as stomach, urinary bladder etc.
-forces food through internal body channels -not striated -involuntary -contractions are slow and sustained |
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What is contractibility?
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the ability to shorten forcibly
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What is extensibility?
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the ability to be stretched or extended
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What is elasticity?
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the ability to recoil and go back
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What is the function of skeletal muscles?
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locomotion
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What is the function of cardiac muscle?
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pump
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What is the function of smooth muscle?
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propels
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What are myofibrils?
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densely packed rodlike contractile elements
-so densely packed that mitochondria and organelles seem squeezed between them |
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Study the chart for myofibril!!!!!
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ok audrey!!!
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What are thick filaments made of?
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protein myosin
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What do thick filaments look like?
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a rodlike tails and 2 globular heads
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What are the tails?
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2 interwoven, heavy polypeptide chains
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What are heads?
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2 smaller, light polypeptide chains connect to myofilament
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What are thin filaments made of?
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protein actin
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What do thin filaments look like?
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curly q's a.k.a. helical polymer
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What is an active site?
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pg. 293
-at first, tropomyosin (curly q in think filament) is blocking the active site -Ca binds to troponin (the whole thing) who moves tropomyosin (curly q) which allows myosin head to bind to the active site |
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What is the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum?
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smooth endoplasmic reticulum that mostly runs along and surrounds each myofibil like a sleeve
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What is a triad?
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terminal cisternae+tubule+termin cisternae
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What is the terminal cisternae?
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A part of the SR, lines T tubules
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What do terminal cisternae do?
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regulate intercellular calcium
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What do T tubules do?
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conduct electric impulses to the terminal cisternae which releases calcium
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What is the endomysium?
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inside connective tissue layer, has reticular fibers
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What is the perimysium?
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surrounds muscle fibers (fasicles), fibrous connective tissue
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What is epimysium?
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overcoat that surrounds entire muscle, dense regular connective tissue
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What are the two types of attachments?
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fleshy and indirect
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Describe fleshy attachments
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epimysium is fused to periosteum of bone or perichondrium of cartilage
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Decribe indirect attachments
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connective tissue wrapping extend beyond the muscle as a tendon or sheet-like aponeurosis
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What is the sarcoplasm?
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cytoplasm of muscle cell
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What is passive transport?
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goes with the concentration gradient
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What is active transport?
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goes against the concentration gradient
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Describe simple diffusion? (passive transport) (5)
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- uses nonpolar and lipid-soluble substances
-diffuses directly through lipid bilayer -diffuse through channel proteins -down concentration gradient -no ATP-related energy required |
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Describe facilated diffusion? (passive transport) (3)
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-transports glucose, amine acids, and ions
-things going through bind to carrier proteins or pass through protein channels -down concentration gradient |
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What are carrier proteins?
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integral transmembrane proteins (permeases)
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What is primary active transport?
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hydrolysis of ATP, the phosphate causes the transport protein to change shape
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What is secondary active transport?
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uses ATP indirectly, uses NA K pump indirectly to drive transport of other solutes
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What is symport system? (active transport)
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2 substances moved across membrane in same direction
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What is antiport system?
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2 substances moved in opposite directions
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What is the sodium and potassium pump?
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3 sodiums go in and 2 potassiums go out
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What is membranne potential?
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voltage across membrane
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What is resting membrane potential?
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determined by K, inside is more negative than the outside
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What is electrochemical gradient?
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resists K diffusion, Na not as perimeable, opening Na and K channels can upset membrane potential
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How are muscles activated?
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opening Na and K channels can upset membrane potential
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What is the sliding filament model of contraction?
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-in relaxed state, thin and thick overlap only slightly
-stimulation- myosin heads bind to actin and sliding begins -thin filaments slide past thick ones=overlap -myosin heads bind and detach several times- propel thin filaments to sarcomere center |
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In order to contract, skeletal muscle must:
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-be stimulated by nerve ending
-propagate an electrical current or action potential, along sarcolemma -rise in Ca level inside cell>final trigger |
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What is the sliding filament model of contraction?
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-in relaxed state, thin and thick overlap only slightly
-stimulation- myosin heads bind to actin and sliding begins -thin filaments slide past thick ones=overlap -myosin heads bind and detach several times- propel thin filaments to sarcomere center |
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In order to contract, skeletal muscle must: (3)
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-be stimulated by nerve ending
-propagate an electrical current or action potential, along sarcolemma -rise in Ca level inside cell>final trigger |
