Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Pneumothorax
|
air in the pleural cavity
|
|
|
How is pneumothorax caused?
|
Stab wound, or bursting of a little bulla of the lung that tears the visceral pleura.
|
|
|
If sealed which direction will heart move?
If lung full of fluid? If partial consolidation occurs? |
Sealed and/or lung full of fluid= mvt to the other side
Partial consolidation = to same side |
|
|
Pleuritis?
|
imflammatory exudate within the pleural cavity & the pain is referred from the parietal pleura to the cutaneous distribution of the intercostal n.
|
|
|
Heamothorax?
|
accumulation of blood within the pleural cavity
|
|
|
What structures does the hilum consist of?
|
main bronchus, pulmonary a., 2 pulmonary vv., pulmonary n. plexus, lymph nodes
|
|
|
Chylothorax?
|
collection of lymph in the pleural cavityA
|
|
|
A patient presents with purse-string like constriction of the aorta at the region of the ductus arteriosus, there is retrograde mvt of blood into the aorta and due to the increased pressure in the ICA, notching is present on a radiograph. What has happened?
|
Aortic coarctation
|
|
|
3 main abnormalities in achalasia?
|
1. aperistalsis
2. partial or incomplete relaxation of LES-swallowing 3. increased resting tone of LES |
|
|
primary achelasia
|
esophageal wall thicker than normal, increased LES level, squamous cell carcinoma develops in 5% of patients, most common complaint is dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), chest pain and regurgitation
|
|
|
secondary achelasia
|
Chagas disease: T. Cruzi, which results in destruction of esophageal myoenteric plexus
|
|
|
Mallory-Weiss Syndrome
|
linear & longitudinal esophageal tears at eosphageal junction
|
|
|
Causes of Mallory-Weiss Syndrome
|
Alcohol abuse, hiatal hernias
|
|
|
Symptoms of MW Syndrome
|
mucosal defect infection, upper GI bleeding
|
|
|
Barret Esophagus
|
distal squamous mucosa replaced by metaplastic columnar epithelium
|
|
|
Symptoms of Barret Esophagus?
|
heartburn & massive and increased reflux, adenocarcinoma 30-40 fold increase in development
|
|
|
LES
|
cardiac or esophageal sphincter
|
|
|
What rib is the middle lobe assoc. w/?
|
4th rib
|
|
|
What is the inferior margin of the superior lobe called in the left lung
|
Lingula
|
|
|
What is resultant from an enlarged heart?
|
A comprimised lung
|
|
|
What are the components of the diaphragm?
|
Musculotendinous sheet
Central tendon Muscle fibers (vertebral: crura from bodies of the L1,2 (Lt.) and L1-3(Rt.) |
|
|
Diaphragmatic hiatuses.
I 8, 10 Eggs, At 12. |
IVC-T8 with Rt. phrenic n.
Esophagus-T10 w/ Anterior and Posterior vagus nn. Aorta - T12 w/ azygous & thoracic duct |
|
|
Septum Transversum
|
Wedge of mesoderm that folds from top of heart to below = parietal pleura. It is continuous with the pericardioperitoneal canals that are separated off so that the thorax is closed off from the abdomen.
|
|
|
Hernia of Bochdalek
|
Deficiency of the origin of the mm from the posterolateral rib cage allowing abdominal content to enter; occurs on Lt. side in 80-90% of cases.
|
|
|
What is the most common type of esophageal fistula?
|
Type C-Distal Tracheoesophageal fistula(85%)
|
|
|
Tracheoesophageal fistula symptoms
|
Distention of the stomach b/c of air entering
Starve to death b/c always have reflux |
|
|
Hematesis
|
vomitting of blood
|
|
|
Hemoptyosis
|
coughing up blood
|
|
|
Melena
|
Blood in feces
|
|
|
What side does phrenic n. paralysis occur on?
|
Right
|
|
|
What is phrenic n. paralysis?
|
Interruption of phrenic n. due to malignancy
|
|
|
What are the symptoms of phrenic n. paralysis?
|
Dyspenea (difficult breathing, shortness of breath)
|
|
|
Sliding esophageal hiatus hernia
|
affects vagus, can cause Barret's esophagus
|
|
|
Paraesophageal hiatus hernia
|
Large herniated gastric fundus
|
|
|
I am caused by:
Esophageal tear Hematesis Hemoptyosis Melena Epileptic seizures What am I? |
Mallory-Weiss
|
|
|
What problem can lead to Baretts Esophagus?
|
Achelasia
|
|
|
What is achelasia?
|
Smooth m. fails to maintain peristalsis & LES does not relax; causing reflux
|
|
|
Barett's esophagus?
|
Abnormal change (metaplasia) in the cells of the lower end of the esophagus thought to be caused by damage from chronic acid exposure, or reflux esophagitis.
|
|
|
Tetralogy of Fallot
|
VSD
Pulmonic stenosis overriding aorta Rt. ventricular hypertrophy |
