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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the prime functions of the cardiovascular & respiratory systems?
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Cardiovascular: Transports O2 & nutrition to the cells.
Respiratory: Provides O2 to the bloodstream. |
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What is the basic respiration reaction?
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sugar + oxygen --> energy + carbon dioxide + water
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Broadly, what does the cardiovascular system consist of & how is it regulated?
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Transport medium (blood), pump (heart), transport network (arteries, capillaries, veins). Regulated by feedback mechanisms.
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What ensures a unidirectional blood flow?
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Valves
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How are organs perfused by the arterial tree?
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The arterial tree branches so that all organs are perfused in PARALLEL
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Describe key differences between arteries & veins.
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Arteries have thicker, muscular walls that are relatively indistensible, decreasing diameter, & lead blood to the capillary network. Veins are the opposite.
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Describe the BASIC cardiovascular system arrangement.
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PUMP --> ARTERIAL TREE --> CAPILLARY NETWORK --> VENOUS SYSTEM --> PUMP
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What are the only 2 ways to increase oxygen carrying capacity?
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Increasing haemoglobin levels &/or increasing heart output.
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Define systemic circulation.
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The general circulation carrying deoxygenated blood from capillaries to R heart & oxygenated blood from L heart to capillaries in all organs of the body including the lungs EXCEPT the alveoli (where gaseous exchange takes place). Pump = left heart.
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Define pulmonary circulation.
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Carries deoxygenated blood from R side of heart to lungs & oxygenated blood from the alveoli in the lungs to the L side of heart. Pump = right heart.
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What are the 4 heart valves & where are they located?
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Tricuspid (between R atrium & ventricle)
Pulmonary (between R ventricle & pulmonary artery) Mitral/Bicuspid (between L atrium & ventricle) Aortic (between L ventricle & aorta) |
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Circulation of the blood DIAGRAM
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Where does gaseous exchange take place?
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Alveolar-capillary membrane
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What forms the supporting framework & bellows to give tidal flow in of the respiratory system?
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Supporting framework = thorax (spine, ribs, sternum)
Bellows to give tidal flow = muscles |
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How many lobes does each lung have?
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Left lung - 2: superior & inferior
Right lung - 3: superior, middle, inferior |
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What 5 structures make up the airway?
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mouth/nose/pharynx, larynx, trachea & bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
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What makes up the intra-pulmonary airway?
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Main bronchi enter lung & divide into lobar & inter-lobar bronchi, bronchioles, broncho-alveolar airways, alveoli
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Name the respiratory muscles
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Diaphragm, External intercostals, Internal intercostals, Accessory muscles (sterno-cleido-mastoid, trapezius, scalenes)
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What happens when the respiratory muscles contract?
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- thorax volume increases
- air drawn in |
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What surface anatomy would you use in CPR?
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xiphisternum - where to carry out chest compressions
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What can be found at the manubrio-sternal angle/'Angle of Louis'?
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- second costal cartilage
- apex of R atrium - bifurcation of trachea - root of aorta & aortic arch - superior/inferior mediastinum T4 - 4th thoracic spinous process |
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Surface anatomy of lungs DIAGRAM
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Surface anatomy of heart DIAGRAM
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